136 MANUFACTURES OF KUSSIA. 



Xizhni-Novgoi'od fair, ■where they are principally bought by the Persians, Bokharians 

 ami Armenians. The production of such g-oods as ailistic bronze, lustres, candelabras, 

 lamps, candlesticks, objects for cabinet tables, and the like, amounts yearly to about 

 2.000.000 roubles. 



One of the most extensive uses of copper alloys, is the manufacture of shells 

 for metallic cartridges. This industry is principally centralized in Crown fabrics, 

 although there are two private factories, of which one, in Tula, works for the Min- 

 i:>try of "War. Tlie metallic shells for cartridges are made by machinery and the 

 technical part of the industry is on a very high grade of development. At the be- 

 ginning, the leaf brass required for the fabrication of such shells was principall}'' 

 imported from the United States. This brass was of very high quality, owing princi- 

 pally to the pui'ity of the copper produced from the mines of the Lake Superior 

 region and also to the relative purity of the zinc. But later on, the cartridge works 

 began to use Eussian brass which was produced by three foundries, two of which 

 were in St. Petersburg, one belonging to a Franco-Eussian Company and the other 

 to Chikin, and the third, in the government of Vladimir, belonging to Kolchougin. 

 Outside of the above mentioned founderies, cartridge shells are produced in very small 

 quantities in the Empire. 



Since the manufacture of cartridge shells was introduced in the Crown foundry 

 at St. Petersburg a new section had to be organized there, namely an instrument 

 branch. This section was designed to prepare instruments for most precise measure- 

 ments, as also implements, such as stamps and matrix moulds for making tubes and 

 cartridge shells. To what a degree of exactitude this industry has attained may be 

 seen in considering the delicate requirements of cartridge making. It is no longer 

 difficult to limit the dimensions of the different parts of the cartridge to 0.001 of 

 an inch, and of instruments to 0.0001 of an inch. The contingent of learned smiths 

 has facilitated the progress of this work, and many other manufactures, especially 

 the making of mathematical, physical and telegraphic instruments which, as is known, 

 require very great exactitude. 



Brass tubes, cloth-printing cylinders, locomotive furnaces and other heavy articles 

 of machinery are manufactured by many firms, the chief of which is the Brass- 

 rolling Mill and Tube-making Manufactory, in St. Petersburg, formerly owned by 

 Eosenkranz. The general production of this manufactory, the rolling of sheets in- 

 cluded, amounts to about two million roubles a year. The manufacture of brass and 

 latten tubes for steam boilers, and of surface refrigerators at the Izhora works at 

 Kolpino, belonging to the Admiralty, forms a prominent branch of the industry, rated 

 Gt the average value of 100,000 roubles per annum. 



Brass fixtures, brought a short time since wholly from abroad, chiefly from 

 Germany, are manufactured at some works specially organized for the purpose, thus 

 furnishing the means to make very cheap articles, and very satisfactory in quality. 

 Many factories have already introduced the moulding of such goods from metallic 

 models by machinery, and have in general established the business on a sound 

 footing as regards technical qualities. The fixtures made at these manufactories, such 

 as stopcocks, valves, oil boxes, steam whistles and the like, are of manj^ types of 

 construction, and show many varieties of each type. This manufacture is chiefly 

 concentrated in St. Petersburg and Moscow, and together with the making of tubes and 



