140 MANUFACTUEES OF KUSSIA. 



In the governraeiit of Perm, in the region of the Nizhni-Taghilsk manufactory, the 

 making of scoops, shovels, basins, pails, spades, hoes, stoves and the like, is very 

 general, the value amounting to 200,000 roubles per year. 



Regardless of the above mentioned specialities, the forge and smithy are the 

 most widely spread of the crafts in the Empii-e, as is easily understood on consid- 

 ering the absolute necessity for the manufacture and repair of the small implements 

 of husbandry, especially for the making of horseshoes and diverse cars, and 

 repairs of vehicle;?, and the shaping of household articles. In order to have an 

 idea of the extent of the smithy among hand workers, the Viatka government may be 

 taken as an example, where the wares of the forge not only supply the needs of 

 the local inhabitants, but are sold to a considerable extent beyond the limits of the 

 government. From carefully collected data the production of the hand forge of the Viatka 

 government alone amounts to 1,250,000 yearly. Although in most of the other gov- 

 ernments the smith craft is not of so much importance, still it everywhere holds a 

 conspicuous place in the category of other manufactures. The making of horseshoes 

 by hand, for example, is especially developed near the town Kassimov, in the Eiazan 

 government ; the price of a set of four shoes generally varies from 30 to 50 kopecks. 



Hand forging in still practised very generally in the manufacture of most of 

 the above mentioned wares; nails, however, as has been already said, are principally 

 made by machinery, from wire or sheet iron cut into strips, and from bar or plate iron. 

 The production of nails in that case is by the cold process, thereby evidently econo- 

 mizing the iron, as considerable is always lost in burning, and further lessening the 

 cost of manufacture by the more rapid process of making nails from cold iron. Some 

 sorts of horseshoe nails, however, are subjected to the heating process. Moreover, the 

 number of machine-made nails per pond is always greater than Avhen forged by hand. 



The factories for making nails by machinery, according to the latest improve- 

 ments in the industry, are chiefly centred in the large cities, principally in St. Pe- 

 tersburg and Eiga, often in conjunction with wire manufactories. At present Finland 

 remains as the chief producer of hand-made nails, its yearly production amounting to 

 200,000 pouds, the greater part of which are used for ship building. 



As for horseshoe nails, the most of them are machine made; it should be stated 

 that the heating process is practised at the great manufactory at Vileika and the 

 cold process at the manufactories of St. Petersburg. 



The building of railways and their reparation called forth a new branch of 

 industry, nameh'. the manufacture of the tie-nails and clamps, and which are made 

 at special factories as well as at the rail-rolling mills. The Avork is exclusively machine 

 made, and foot hammers of the Oliver system are preferred for forging clamp nails. 



The Crown manufactories, Kolpinsk near St. Petersburg, and Votkinsk in the 

 Ural, are justly renowned for the forging of strong chains. The quality of the metal 

 used in this manufacture, as well as the tests of the finished chains are fixed by 

 special regulations, and their solidity and uniform strength are warranted. For the 

 carving and soldering of the links, mechanical processes are used. The Kolpinsk Manu- 

 factory, working almost exclusively for the Admiralty, has produced in recent 

 years about 25,000 pouds of chains per annum, the thickness of the links being from 

 a quarter of an inch to two inches and three-quarters, and the average price, about 

 ten roubles per poud. 



