WIRE AND 'WIRE GOODS. 165 



duce, on the whole, from 800,000 to 900,000 pouds of wire nails yearly. The steam- 

 boats going from the Baltic to the Black Sea taking a very small freight cargo 

 enable the Baltic factories to send their products even to the Caucasus. The total 

 yearly output of wire nails in Kussia amounts now to 5,500,000 and 6,000,000 rou- 

 bles. The manufacture of cut nails and tacks, bearing great resemblance to that of 

 wire nails, has also greatly developed during recent years; according to existing 

 data its yearly output is over 50,000 pouds, to the value of 200,000 roubles. 



Other wares of wire are made also at manufactories and small establishments; 

 they form also a prominent branch of household industry in many localities of Kussia 

 among which the first place should be allotted to the village Besvodnoie, government 

 of Nizhni-Novgorod, and its vicinity. In the region of the village Besvodnoie brass 

 wire, as well as iron wire of the smallest sizes. Is drawn by means of simple hand 

 appliances, horse power being used only for the making of very thick wire. Chains, 

 fishhooks, hooks and eyes for dresses, wire webbing of dilferent degrees of fineness, and 

 various plaited and woven fabrics used for articles of husbandry and machinery, are 

 also made there. 



The largest manufactory for the weaving of wire webbing, owned by Baron 

 Steingel, is situated in Kiev ; it uses foreign wire for the finest makes, and the wares 

 produced are justly renowned and widely spread over all Eussia. Notwithstanding 

 that the endless webbing for paper mills made by this manufactory was of the requi- 

 site breadth, of 4 arshines, and of a high quality and durability, nevertheless, the- 

 foreign foremen of the Eussian paper mills, probably fi'om habit, continued to use 

 webbing of foreign make. A somewhat large manufactory of wire webbing, and some 

 small establishments of the kind are to be found in Moscow ; in St. Petersburg there 

 are only a few small works. The production of all the factories and works of this 

 category, household industry excluded, amounts to 300,000 roubles annually. 



Wire cables are made in Eiga, St. Petersburg, in the Eiazan government at 

 the Istinsk factory and in Kronstadt at the Crown Manufactory; but this kind of 

 manufacture cannot as yet be regarded as firmly established, although wire cables 

 are more and more in demand, especially for mining works. The high prices of the 

 Eussian cables, due to the limited production, are retarding the general progress of 

 this branch of manufacture. 



Card clothing is manufectured only in Moscow, and by certain comparatively 

 small works and establishments, founded long ago; the amount of their output, for 

 recent years is about 150,000 roubles yearly. But Moscow produces only that kind 

 of card clothing used at the wool weaving factories; the cotton weaving manufacto- 

 ries have to bring all such goods as are needed by them from abroad, chiefly from 

 England. The renowned English firm, Horsfall & Co., in 1891, organized a factory for 

 the manufacture of these cards, but owing to the fact that the industry is newly 

 established it is difficult to state whether it will have any influence upon Eussian 

 cotton weaving. The same may be said also of the factory of Jacobson recently 

 established in Eiga and producing card clothing for wool as well as for cotton. 



Wares of wire of the coarser numbers, such as chains for different use, hooks, 

 clamps, braces, handles, helves, clothes pegs, and other articles of the kind, are made 

 by many manufactories in Eussia; the first place among them is held by the manu- 

 factory Westphalia in Kovno, owned by Smith Brothers, the quantity of the wares- 



