ITS MANUFACTUEES OF RUSSIA. 



tJiat the looms for many of the Russian factories were made, when the English 

 Government forbade the export of such machines, lasting- until 1843. 



The iirst private machine factory was founded in 1790 in St. Petersburg by 

 Berd. This establishment contributed greatly to the spreading of steam engines and 

 especially of steamboats, Berd having in 1817 received an exclusive patent for their 

 manufacture. It was here also that the making of different appliances, especially 

 machine tools for working metals, was Iirst established. At the present time these 

 works, known by the name of the Frauco-Eussian Manufactory, belong to a French Co., 

 and are engaged in ship building, in the construction of different kinds of steam 

 engines and boilers, as well as in other works connected tlierewith. 



Of tlie most ancient machine manufactories the Wilson works in Moscow, founded 

 in 1802 for the making of agricultural implements, must be mentioned, as also the factory 

 of Krivorotov Brothers, founded in 1815, in the vicinity of Moscow, and that of Lil- 

 pope and Eaw. founded in 1818 in Warsaw, originally devoted to the same purpose ; 

 the latter is at the present time engaged in the manufacture of railway cars and 

 accessories. Furthermore, in 1824 there was founded in St. Petersburg by His a fac- 

 tory for building steam engines and kindred machinery. 



The movement of Russia with regard to machine building until 1825 was limited 

 to the above mentioned factories, if the mechanical establishments at some of the 

 mining works be excepted, where besides repairs certain new articles were made. 

 It must be mentioned, however, that in the whole of Europe, England excepted, 

 machine building was at the time a recently established and slowly developing in- 

 dustry, due chiefly to the wars, which lasted until 1814. 



After 1825 the industry in Russia began to develop, but somewhat slowly, 

 especially in comparison with its rapid growth in other countries, France and Bel- 

 gium being first among all. The industry was already firmly established and had 

 attained a certain degree of perfection abroad, due to high tariffs. In Russia, how- 

 ever, the import of machinery was duty free, and the protective and even prohibitory 

 tariffs on cast iron and iron, established in order to further the home production, 

 retarded still more the development of machine building in Russia by raising the 

 prices on materials of the first importance. 



One of the most celebrated manufactories founded during that period was 

 the Alexandrovsk Crown Iron Casting and Mechanical Works in St. Petersburg, 

 built in 1825. The machines of this factory were prime and served as models, and 

 it often furnished foremen of large experience to other manufactories. Later on, this 

 establishment turned its activity into another channel, namely, the building of the 

 railroad between the two capitals. In 1844 its management was given over to The 

 American Co. in order to found in Russia the building of locomotive engines; 

 but this business could not be then firmly established as there was but little demand 

 for such engines, the railroads being at that time very limited in the Empire, During 

 a period of 24 years The American Co. built in all 200 locomotives, 253 railway 

 passenger cars and 2,700 freight and platform cars. Now this factory is under the 

 control of the Chief Company of Russian railways. 



Of the other factories established during this period a somewhat conspicuous 

 place with regard to machine building was held by the factory of Nobel, which 

 worked different kinds of machinery, and by that of the Duke of Leichtenberg, where 



