MACHINES AND IMPLKMENTS. 170 



the attempt at building- locomotives proved still less successful than at the Alexan- 

 drovsk works, and which was given over to the railway uniting St. Petersburg to 

 Warsaw. Furthermore, machine building was carried on at the manufactory of Oga- 

 rev, now beariug the name of Poutilov, after one of its former owners, an energetic 

 promoter of the metal industrj', and of new technical undertakings. At the last-named 

 works some portable engines were built during that time, but in general the industry 

 did not take root there; at the present time the movement of this factory is vast 

 and various ; it is rolling iron and steel, especially rails, manufacturing railway 

 appliances and cars, as well as small steamers, torpedo boats and implements of war, 

 especially gun carriages and supplies. 



In Moscow and in central Russia the following factories were established 

 during this period: that of Butenop, now owned by Liphardt, for the making of agri- 

 cultural implements; that of Dobrov and Nabholz, for building various machines; that 

 of Maltsev, for the manufacture of different farming tools, in which the building 

 of railway cars and locomotives was recently established, but soon stopped ; that 

 of Shipov, engaged in building steamers, and which supplied the Russian manu- 

 factories with steam motors ; and lastly, the Sormovsk, founded also for the purpose 

 of building steamboats, and in which it is still engaged, together with the building 

 of railway cars and the making of railway appliances. In the southern part of Russia 

 t'le building of various kinds of machines was carried on at the Crown works in Lou- 

 gansk and Odessa, and at those of Zaslavski, of Falk, and of Count Bobrinsky. The 

 Government in order to fui'ther the development of machine building organized also in 

 the Urals a manufactory well equipped for that time at Ekaterinburg, which supplied 

 afterwards the local factories with steam and air engines, and machine tools; at 

 the same time machine building was established at the Votkinsk works, now having 

 a very various production, working iron, railway appliances, steamboats, agricultural 

 implements, and locomotives. Some smaller factories for machine building were estab- 

 lished during the same period on the coasts of the Baltic Sea and in the region of 

 Poland. 



Machine building, until 1850, was chiefly developed and perfected at the Crown 

 manufactories, or where it was aided by subsidies and orders from the Government. 

 Upon the whole, however, the production of the private establishments was feeble, and 

 necessarily so at that time, when machinery was imported into Russia duty free and 

 tJie prices for iron and cast iron were so high that competition with foreign built 

 machines was always hazardous and often ruinous. According to official data, in 1850 

 there were 25 private machine factories, employing 1.475 hands, turning out ma- 

 chinery to the value of 423,390 roubles, or 326,857 dollars, reckoning by the 

 exchange of that date. The import of foreign machinery amounted at the same time 

 to 2,315.000 roubles, or 1,787,180 dollars. 



Although in the beginning of the fifties some new private works were estab- 

 lished, they had however, but little influence upon the development of machine 

 building in Russia at that period as compared with that of the other European coun- 

 tries, which had already attained a considerable degree of perfection. The conse- 

 quences of such slow progress were plainly seen in the Crimean war, taking place 

 at that time, Russia having neither a sufflcient or a competent navy, nor suitable 

 arms for infantry, and in both of these essentials her enemies were well and fully 



JO* 



