MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS. 



185 



of the managers without any special technical education, 250 were Russians and 51 

 foreigners. Persons not having received any special technical education generally 

 have the management of small factories, chiefly engaged in the repair of machinery 

 and building of agricultural machines not requiring any special scientific knowledge. 



The price of labour varies greatly according to the local conditions, to the 

 kind of work and to the degree of its perfection, from 50 kopecks to 3 roubles and 

 more per day. Locksmiths, turners and workmen, running punching and planing 

 machines, and the like, seldom receive less than a rouble, and generally more than that. 

 On all possible occasions payment per piece takes the place of that per day, to the 

 profit of both parties. Day labour for adults consists of 12, rarely of 10 hours. 



After what has been said above, a brief look into the development of machine 

 building in the Empire will prove of some interest, therefore the following table is 

 here annexed to show the activity of the industry in European Russia, Finland, 

 Poland, Caucasus, (Siberia and Turkestan excluded) for the period from 1850 to 

 1890. The data of 1850 are reckoned as a unit, and in the columns of the succeed- 

 ing years the coefficients are placed, showing how many times the numl)er of facto- 

 ries, of hands employed, and the value of home production, and that of the imported 

 machines, has increased during these years as compared with 1850. 



It can be seen from the foregoing that the growth of machine building in 

 Russia is on the average very satisfactory, the slow progress during the last'decade 

 being due exclusively to the conditions mentioned above. It should be said, however, 

 that the development of this industry in Russia would have been still more rapid if 

 it could have been earlier protected from the competition of foreign machinery. It would 

 be unreasonable, however, to complain of the results, especially on considering that the 

 Russian Government, having in view the public interest, made every effort to establish 



