186 MANUFACTURES OF RUSSIA. 



first the manufacturing industry, exacting machinery as cheap and as near to per- 

 fection as possible. 



Turning to the peculiarities of Russian machine manufacture it should be 

 mentioned that not all the forms are as yet introduced in Eussia, and that some 

 of the existing branches of the industry are lacking in perfection and development; 

 many of the others, however, are so satisfactory that they enable Russia to be more 

 or less independent of foreign manufactories. 



As agricultural machines will be treated in a special review, those of other 

 categories are only to be mentioned here. Spinning and weaving machines and 

 machinery for paper mills and printing establishments, as mentioned above, have been 

 for a long time imported duty free; a small tax had been levied on them and 

 only since 1885 was it raised sufficiently to enable Russian works to manufacture 

 more liberally the most necessary and simple forms of machinery; but this produc- 

 tion is as yet not firmly established, the previous efforts in this direction, as lias 

 already been seen, being unsuccessful, and at best leading only to a modification 

 of the work. 



Machine tools for working metals are built by many Russian works, the 

 most conspicuous place among which with regard to quality, is held by the fac- 

 tory of Lessner in St. Petersburg, and those of Veihelt and Bromley in Moscow. 

 Machine tools for working wood are made in Russia of such kinds as are more gener- 

 ally used, such as sawing machinery; other machines of this category were seldom 

 made, and their production is very little developed, especially that of planing machines. 

 Machines for working metals in the heated state, such as steam hammers and rolling 

 machines, are successfully worked at the Russian factories. Portable engines, 

 although the duty levied upon them was very small until 1880, had been built 

 even before then at the factories of central Russia, namely at the Ludinovsk manu- 

 factory of Maltsev and Co., and at the Kolomensk factory, but with no great success; 

 in 1885 the duty was considerably raised, but still the import of portable engines 

 of foreign make, of new types, combining lightness with power, was found profitable 

 by the dealers. 



Steam fire engines are made in Russia but in an inconsiderable number, the 

 demand being not large; the making of steam and hand pumps is developed in 

 many factories. Stationary engines and engines for steamboats have been made for 

 many years and successfully in the Empire, because their weight being great their 

 production afforded competition with the foreign makes. Gas motors are until now 

 exclusively imported; the building of kerosene motors, however, has been established 

 at some of the Russian manufactories. 



The construction of locomotives is placed upon a firm footing already; the factories, 

 the Nevsk in St. Petersburg, the Kolomensk and Briansk in central Russia, and the 

 Votkinsk in the Urals, can easily build over 300 engines of the 8-wheel compound 

 system per year. The railway appliances of the rolling stock are also made at some 

 of the factories; of these the Poutilovsk in St. Petersburg, the Kolomensk, Briansk, 

 Sormovsk, and that of Maltsev and Co. in central Russia, the factory of Lilpope near 

 Warsaw, and of the Baltic near Riga, are also making railway cars, their yearly output 

 amounting to over 10,000 freight cars. Railway appliances for the rolling stock are 

 also made at the numerous railway workshops, not reckoned in the number of Rus- 



