GLASS WAKES. 19] 



good quality of sand in tlie different parts of Eussia have intiuenced the development 

 of the industry. As to leaden glass alloys they are principally used for the production 

 of coloured articles of high quality; and clear leaden, or the so-called French crystal, 

 is being produced only of late in some Russian factories. 



In 1850 there were in all 200 glass and crystal works in Russia; Jiowever, the 

 sum of their yearly output amounted only to a little more than 3,000,000 roubles. 

 In 1870 the output of these factories, the number of which had not increased, 

 was 6,000,000, and in 1879, to 7,800,000 roubles. More detailed information on the 

 Russian glass works and a complete register with names and details may be found 

 in a beautiful book, by Lobmeyr, entitled «Die Glassindustrie, ihre Geschichte und 

 :^tatistic. Spemann, 1874», (The Glass Industry, its History and Statistics), originally 

 prepared for the Universal Exposition at Vienna in 1873. 



The year 1879 which ended the war with Turkey and which was, in general, 

 a very active year, begins a rapid increase in the works of certain Russian fac- 

 tories. Thus, the totals given by the glass works in 1880, amounted to 8,333,33? 

 roubles; in the next year their combined output increased about 1,500,000, as in 1881 

 according to official figures, the Russian glass trade was valued at 9,884,000 roubles, 

 the total number of works being a little larger than before. 



The movement of the Russian glass industry, during 1883 and 1884, may be 

 shown as follows: 



In 1883. In 1884. 



f In European Russia . . 196 206 



Number of works t t^ i j oa on 



[ In Poland 34 30 



Number of workmen 18,140 20,919 



Total value of the output 10.236,000 roubles 10,310,000 roubles. 



During that active period of glass trade, which began at the end of the se- 

 venties, the production of sheet or window glass was much developed and perfected. 

 From that time the Belgian method was introduced, as also that of cut glass, and 

 especially, of cut crystal. The activity of the Maltsev factories increased to its 

 greatest extent, as also the output of the Moscow Crystal Works, which formerly 

 belonged to K. Marten, now owned by Duftois, and that in coloured lamps, of the 

 Tver works of Bolotin. in the district of Vyshiii-Volochok. The latter has retained 

 the technical traditions of the former celebrated Krougovsk factory, which belonged 

 to prince Menshikov, and was situated in the government of Moscow, district of Klin. 

 In the government of Vladimir, besides crystal and sheet glass, the ancient manufacture 

 of artistic bottles by Kosterev Brothers, and in the environs of St. Petersburg, that 

 of crystal by P. N. Zinoviev rapidly developed. Round about St. Petersburg and, in 

 general, in the northern central region, the production of sheet glass increased and 

 improved in quality, as well as that of service glass, plain and figured. In the west. 

 in Poland, a certain Gordlichka extended his crystal works ; factories for making 

 services, bottles, lamp chimneys and shades, were organized and enlarged. Gas fur- 

 naces were now used in a much greater number than before, and mostly with re- 

 generators ; those of the type of Boezi and Bicheron were not general in Russia. For 

 sheet glass mostly Belgian furnaces of Bieuve were used, and for bottle making, gas 



