] 94 MANOFACTURES OF RUSSIA. 



factories are biglily favoured. The vast wooded regions in the vicinity of the manu- 

 factories, owing to the CTOvernmental control over the forests, have not been extrav- 

 agantly laid waste, and industrial works now profit by wood fuel in great abundance, 

 although it has grown rather dear of late. Nevertheless, the principal factories, those 

 which control the industry in Eussia, generally use gas-generating ovens, which burn 

 wood and are always with regenerators, the object being not to cut down too many 

 trees, but to use as far as possible waste wood, such as dead limbs and trunks, and 

 fallen timber. This waste fuel is sometimes very abundant, and the gathering of it 

 forms an important industry in some virgin forests. Thus, in those of Novgorod, Tver 

 and Orel, regenerative gas ovens for melting glass, and gas furnaces for burning sand 

 may be seen. The cutting down of the trees is, for the greater part of the factories, 

 in close connection with the lumber industry, as only the tops of the trees, felled by 

 the forest owners for building, serve as fuel for factories. 



The substitution of coal for wood first occurred in the western govern- 

 ments of Poland, and in the far south, in the region of the Donets coal veins, in- 

 cluding the glass works of the Don, and of the governments of Ekaterinoslav and 

 Kherson, as also to some extent near the capitals, in the governments of Moscow and 

 St. Petersburg. The glass works in the far south were principally constructed for the 

 manufacture of wine bottles, for champagne and sparkling waters. Moreover the Moscow 

 factories use a great deal of naphtha residues. In Astrakhan, where the glass works 

 produce bottles, lamp glasses, and apothecary wares, the Baku naphtha serves as the 

 principal fuel. In Samarkand the gas furnaces of the Ivanov factories, wdiere principally 

 bottles and lamps are made, consume pit coal. In the Tiflis works, producing bottles 

 and lamps, gas ovens work by wood generators. 



The total consumption of fuel by the 255 Russian glass works in 1890 was as 

 follows: wood, 250,300 cubic sagenes, or 2,431,000 cubic metres; pit coal, 2,407,100 

 pouds, or 39,461 metric tons; naphtha residues, 396,660 ponds, or 6,502 metric tons. 

 Moreover, a small quantity of turf, about 650,000 pouds, or 10,656 metric tons, must 

 be added hereto. This turf is used in one of Maltsev works in the government of 

 Vladimir, and to some extent in Poland. 



The prices of fuel, varying in different localities, are on the average: for wood, 

 4 to 7 roubles per cubic sagene, being 2 to 3 kopecks per pond, or according to 

 the average rate of exchange, 3 to 4 shillings per ton; for pit coal, 10 to 14 kopecks 

 per poud, or 14 to 19 shillings per ton; for naphtha or naphtha residues, in the lower 

 parts of the Volga, 5 to 8 kopecks, or 7 to 11 shillings per ton. 



The quantity of wood, consumed by the Russian glass works per unit of weight 

 of glass merchandise, forms on the average of all the factories, 10 to 12 parts per 

 1 part of goods. Here the total consumption of fuel, including the heating of the build- 

 ing and of the steam kettles, is taken into consideration. The largest quantity of 

 fuel is used for the production of sheet glass. Factories producing such glass in com- 

 mon ovens consume the most: thus, for one part of glass, 15 parts of wood are used, 

 including the total consumption. Those which work with gas furnaces consume 11 to 

 12 parts of wood per 1 part of glass; thus for example, they employ 0.6 to 0.7 

 cubic sagenes of wood per box containing 13 pouds of glass. By examining the 

 consumption of fuel for one melting of glass in furnaces, together with the finishing 

 of the batch, it will be found that on the average of the Russian factories the quantity 



