19f> MANUFACTURES OF RUSSIA. 



Germau measure till now used in Eussia for calculating- the pay due to workmen, 

 and also in sellins: window glasses. A work-table consisting- of two workmen, who 

 make from live to six cylinders of glass per hour, or at least forty per day, summer 

 and winter, receive from 25 to 30 kopecks per bunt, containing two cylinders of 24 

 vershocks, or 1.067 metres long, and 9 vershocks, or 400 mm. in diameter each, making 

 live t^ six roubles per day; or, if there are 15 to 16 such works per month, 

 75 to 100 roubles monthly. When the cylinders are smaller the pay is also lower. 

 In the sheet glass industry the total wages to workmen forms one-third of the total 

 cost of the manufacture. 



The cost of labour in the bottle industry is also from 30 to 35 per cent of 

 the total expense of the production. The number of batches per month in that 

 branch of the glass industry is 17 to 20, if the work is done in pots. In so-called 

 interruptive cisterns without pots, the number is about eighteen or nineteen. In 

 such cisterns as use gas, the melting of the glass and the finishing the work off 

 is done in turns as in ordinary furnaces with pots. The bottles are made exclusively 

 in forms. The melting of glass for bottles in ordinary ovens continues seven 

 hours, sometimes only six, and one hour is given to the workmen for rest. 

 During these six or seven hours a workman makes 350, and some even 400 bottles. 

 In the interruptive cisterns, of ordinary capacity, 9,000 bottles can be made in 

 12 hours. The work-table consists of three persons: chief workman, his helper 

 sometimes called jar-maker, and a boy. When the work is done in ordinary ovens 

 it is organized otherwise: near each pot, four sets of workmen are stationed, each 

 set consisting of three labourers. 



The capacity of the pots used in Russia for melting glass, is as follows: For 

 crystal, and in general for service glass, they contain twenty, seldom twenty-five 

 ponds, or 325 to 400 killograms of melted glass. The goods made from this quantity 

 of glass weigh from 13 to 16 ponds. In the sheet glass production, dependent upon 

 the size of the works, the capacity of the pots is 20 to 75 pouds. In the latter 

 case the filling of the pot is by degrees, in ten additions, until the pot is full of melted 

 glass, in proportion as the melting material, becoming liquid, sinks. For a pot of such 

 large capacity there are three chief workmen at a time, each having four substitutes. 

 When cylinders of middle size are produced, each workman makes on an average 

 ten per houi-, and the whole batch continues eight to nine hours. An oven which 

 has ten pots of 70 pouds capacity each, produces yearly about 5,000 boxes of window 

 glass the number of batches being 15 per month. There are plants containing two 

 such ovens, with one in reserve for emergencies. In the bottle factories the pots ai'e 

 of 30 to 40 pouds capacity, each oven containing 8 to 10. Pots of small capacity, 

 12 to 17 pouds, are used for melting glass for coloured lamp chimneys and shadps, 

 and for special chemical wares. For making plate glass, round pots of 40 pouds ca- 

 pacity and of a flattened form, having a diameter of one and one-half arshines, or 

 1.066 metres, are used. In the looking-glass works, in the Eiazan government, three 

 gas ovens of Siemens pattern, each having 12 of such pots and 24 stoves for hard- 

 ening the glass, have been working until now. 



Service articles in glass are sold in Eussia by the piece ; sheet glass, in boxes 

 or half-boxes. A box of sheet glass, generally consisting of 20 bunts, averages from 

 six to several hundred pieces of glass of equal size, depending upon the number of 



