208 MANUFACTURES OF RUSSIA. 



16 metres. The equipment of the manufactory at the present time enables it to pro- 

 duce daily from 400 to 500 pipes, one arshine long, as drain pipes are generally 

 made at Eussian factories, and of the usual diameter of 6 to 9 inches; thus, the 

 average production amounts to 120,000 pipes per year. Pipes of small diameters, 

 beginning at 2 inches, are also luade, but for them hand presses are used; large 

 pipes are also made, 12 and 18 inches in diameter, and when specially ordered, of 

 24 inches. The pipes, 6 to 9 inches in diameter, cost at the manufactory itself from 

 39 to 40 kopecks per poud; brought to St. Petersburg the cost to the manufacturer 

 is 64 to 66 kopecks per poud (one sagene of drain pipes of 6 inches in diameter 

 weighs 3 pouds, and 5 pouds, if the diameter be 9 inches). 



To give a better idea of the development of the manufacture of drain pipes 

 in Eussia other makes of the locality besides those of K. L. Vachter should be con- 

 sidered, for example : the factory of the engineers, Koliaukovsky Brothers, under the 

 title Nor, at Borovichi, which was founded a little later than that of Vachter, and 

 is specially engaged in the making of drain pipes; at the present time the quantity 

 produced exceeds that of the factory of Vachter by one and a half times; theEusso- 

 American Co., for the making of ceramics, under the title Nadezhda, recently estab- 

 lished and having as yet but an inconsiderable production of pipes, deserves men- 

 tion, as well as the Warsaw factory, near the station Praga of the Warsaw- 

 Terespol Line, owned by Grantsov, under the title Kavenchin (cegielnia Kawen- 

 czyn), which produces ordinary bricks of various forms, as also fire bricks, and drain 

 pipes 2 feet in length and from 4 to 12 inches in diameter; these pipes were used 

 at the recent canalization of Warsaw, together with the imported Silesian pipes; the 

 factory of Ovannesianz, already mentioned, near Moscow, at the station Vassilievo of 

 the Nizhni-Novgorod Eailway, is important, producing drain pipes of the gzhelsk clay, 

 as well as wares of fire clay, such as arches, plates, pipes for gas ovens and steam 

 boilers, fire bricks and pipes for canalization from 4 to 12 inches in diameter; the 

 factory of Baron Bergenheim in Kharkov, founded some six years ago, and the 

 small factory at Ekaterinodar in the Koubausk oblast belonging to the town, and 

 that of the Princess Droutski-Sokolnitski near the station Ostrovets, government of 

 Eadom, also deserve notice. AU these manufactories produced strong baked ti^ench 

 pipes approximately in the following quantity : in 1892 the manufactory of Vachter, 

 10 the sum of 70,000 roubles; the Nov, 100,000 roubles; the Warsaw, to 50,000 

 roubles; that of Bergenheim, to 50,000 roubles; all the others combined, to the sum 

 of 70,000 roubles. Thus, the total production of drain pipes amounts to the sum of 

 about 350,000 roubles; if the drain pipes of all diameters be reckoned at an 

 iiVerage price of 60 kopecks per poud, then the production may be estimated at 

 500,000 pouds, sufficient to lay a yearly drain of 250 versts, if the weight of a 

 sagene of pipes be reckoned on the average at 4 pouds. The import of drain pipes 

 has decreased somewhat of late years; during the year 1891 to 1892, it amounted to 

 200,000 pouds, which, being reckoned by the same scale of weight, would make it 

 possible to lay an additional drain of 100 versts in length. 



As to fire bricks, the demands of the manufacturing industry in Eussia, especially 

 of the metallurgical works, are supplied to a considerable extent by home production. 

 This material is prepared from local clays to a large extent by the very manufact- 

 ories which requii'e it. Eecently some of the metallurgical factories began to produce 



