•J 10 MANUFACTURES OF RUSSIA 



though some 2.500 to 3,000 versts distant from the nearest foreign centres of cera- 

 iiiic manufacture, for example, from Aussig in Austria, Charlottenburg- near Berlin, 

 or Kraushwitz near Muskau in Prussia. 



Considering- eastern Russia with regard to the ceramic industry, it should 

 be mentioned that in the governments of Viatka and Perm some of the districts have 

 always been looked upon as places where ceramics were greatlj'^ spread as a house- 

 hold industry, for example, the Shadrinsk district of the government of Perm. In the 

 twenties of this century a porcelain factory was established near Shadrinsk by Fetissov 

 Brothers. The plates produced at these works were not of the first quality, and were 

 even classed as second rate at the first Russian Manufacturing Exhibition in St. 

 Petersburg in 1828; but the works should, however, be mentioned as those which 

 laid the foundation of the porcelain and faience industry in the east of Russia. 

 Later on, towards the sixties, other factories were established in the governments 

 ot Perm, Viatka and Orenburg, chiefly by immigrants from the Gzhel region, where 

 the increasing cost of fuel began to tell against the entire manufucture of plates. 

 The factory of Fetissov Brothers prospered; it produced, of course, principally the 

 more ordinary kind of wares, which supplanted at the local fair of Irbit the goods 

 formerly brought from Gzhel. The factory at Shadrinsk no longer exists, but some 

 fifteen years ago another factory for the making of faience was established in the 

 district, and has been owned until now by Smirnov Brothers. In the neighbouring govern- 

 ment of Ufa a porcelain factory was established, already in 1864 in the town of Ufa. 

 The official statistics, not counting the faience manufactory, give the number of the 

 different ceramic works in the Perm government as 14, including herein the establish- 

 Hicnts producing semi-earthen ware and tiles. This government is very rich in fire 

 clays ; for fuel, wood or coal is used, according to the locality. Nearly everywhere in 

 the government of Viatka the simplest forms of ceramics are a part of household 

 industry, but as yet no centralization of it in manufacturing establishments has been 

 noticed. However, in the district of Elabouga a factory making stoneware for chem- 

 ical purposes, the production of which is second to that of Vachter's in Borovichi, 

 has been founded at the large chemical works of P. K. Oushkov, situated near Ela- 

 bouga not far from the river Kama, a powerful tributary of the Volga; this factory 

 supplies only its own needs. P. K. Oushkov has developed this auxiliary industry of 

 ceramics at his natrium factory in all its details, including even the making of mount- 

 ing accessories, such as polished cocks, pumps and serpentine for refrigerators ; it 

 is very probable that with the growth of its dimensions the local establishment will 

 furnish its wares to the other Russian chemical works. 



In the south of Russia, where the making of pottery is wide spread as a house- 

 hold industry among the peasants, in many localities, deposits of excellent kaolins are 

 found among those of former clays. The beds and qualities of these kaolins as 

 well as the general deposits of fire clays in Russia, are described in this year's min- 

 ing report and in a former work of M. Miklashevsky : «Deposits of fii*e clays in 

 Russia », St. Petersburg, 1881. 



To the already known, many newly discovered deposits on difterent lands arc 

 always being added of late. The most renowned beds of kaolins are in the 

 southern region: those of the governments of Kherson, Ekaterinoslav, Chernigov and 

 Kiev; more t;< the west, tliose of the government of Volyn; more to the east, those 



