216 MANUFACTURES OF RUSSIA. 



occupies nearly 300 workmen. The comparatively moderate prices favour a dissemi- 

 nation of the excellent articles among the public. In the economical organization of 

 the manufactory the method of cleaning the fluid porcelain mass attracts attention. 

 It is done by electro-magnets which draw out of the mass the magnetic iron part- 

 icles. This method, carried out with the aid of a small dynamo engine and many 

 electro-magnets with brush like poles through which is Altered the slowly flowing 

 mass, was introduced into Russia by S. M. Kornilov, to whom also belongs the credit 

 of the construction and application of electro-magnets to this purpose, which is 

 more convenient than the Breget apparatus. 



In the division for preparing the clay mass the factory works by means of dry 

 crushers, in runners, and afterwards in Alsing drums. The Gloukhovsk clay, which 

 is added to the mass, is ground and kneaded with water separately from the other 

 integral parts. A membrane pump carries the fluid mass to the electro-mag- 

 uetic apparatus, through which it flows to the Alter presses; 7 furnaces of moderate 

 diameter for burning the porcelain, work with wooden fuel; and there are 16 mufflers 

 and 50 places for turners. The chromolithographic method in painting is used to a 

 large extent. The chief sale of the articles of this manufactory is in St. Petersburg 

 and Moscow. 



The small porcelain manufactory of F. E. Emelianov in the Schliisselburg 

 district completes the number of the porcelain works in the St. Petersburg govern- 

 ment, where besides this, as is usual near a capital, are found several small pot- 

 teries producing particularly Dutch tiles, white and coloured pipes, and coloured 

 plates. 



Finally, in the north, in Finland, where there are altogether nearly 20 potteries 

 producing articles of earthern ware and Dutch tiles for stoves, and where in the 

 neighbourhood of great towns (on the sea shore or on the railway lines), there are 

 some establishments for roofing tiles, two large faience manufactories, the Arabia 

 and that of W. Ansten, deserve particular mention. The latter is celebrated, among 

 other things, for its excellent tiles' for stoves and its ornamental works, while the 

 manufactory Arabia, the importance of which for Eussia was mentioned above, pro- 

 duces faience of a high quality, and soft porcelain. The manufactory uses, as mate- 

 rial for the faience, imported English clay and black river flint, and applies very 

 complete technical methods, particularly in the most important part of the work, 

 namely, the preparation of the clay mass. 



Besides the faience wares the majolica of the same manufactory, attract 

 attention by the cleanness of their painting and finish. The most characteristic 

 goods are large decorative pieces, such as vases and placques, with large Avhite or 

 cream drawings on a perfectly black glazed ground. The output of the manufactory 

 Arabia amounts to 200,000 roubles, that of Ansten to 60,000 roubles. 



Summing up what has been said in the foregoing account, especially with refer- 

 ence to the highest sorts of ceramic productions, porcelain and faience, a more minute 

 description of the present situation of these two branches in Eussia may be given. The 

 most considerable porcelain and faience works, that is to say, those in which the 

 extent of their production and sale, and the low wholesale prices are of great import- 

 ance for the home trade, are the five great manufactories of M. S. Kousnetsov, as 

 follows : 



