220 MANUFACTURES OF RUSSIA. 



25 kopecks, and spar 25 to 30 kopecks a poud. The English kaolin is received 

 in a condition quite ready for use, namely, finely ground. This fact, together 

 with the high price of the transport of the Russian kaolins to the large manufac- 

 tories, is a great obstacle to the substitution of Russian kaolin for English, the 

 home material not having been worked out till now regularly enough, and not 

 undergoing such a preparation as in England owing to the method of working it. 



The quartz and feldspar are alwaj^s used after having been burned and as- 

 sorted, and it should not be forgotten that their cost to the manufacturer, after 

 these preparatory operations, is from 50 to 75 per cent above that of the raw mate- 

 rial. From other sorts of the home kaolin one poud of a read}-^ first-class porce- 

 lain mass, which has undergone the most complicated preparation, costs at the manu- 

 factory 1.50 roubles; of a medium quality 1.10 roubles to 80 kopecks; and for the 

 lowest grades, for instance for isolators, 50 to 60 kopecks a poud. 



Among the materials, besides the home and foreign clays used in faience 

 works are, sand, sometimes river flint, and limestone which is known in the manu- 

 factories of Moscow under the name opoh. Such limestone is obtained, for instance, 

 from Gzhel, where it is found together with clay, and from Myachkov, where there 

 are large pits of the Myachkovsk limestone. Side by side with the management of 

 preparing the mass goes on the moulding work. For this kind of work the fire clay 

 of Novgorod (Borovichi), which is delivered in St. Petersburg at a price of from 

 15 to 18 kopecks a poud, is most used at present. Round about Moscow, mould clay 

 from Gzhel is used; Volynia has its own material. The mass or the weight of the 

 moulds, which are now thinner than they were formerly, stand to the enclosed 

 weight of porcelain as 12 or 10 to 1, The moulds serve 3 or 4 times, that is to 

 say, they hold out 3 to 4 burnings. The furnaces of the manufactories are mostly of 

 satisfactory construction ; until now wood has chiefly been used for fuel. In the flrst 

 burning it is used in the form of rough sticks, and then in the form of chips split 

 and dried in the furnaces themselves, being laid on shelves in the open fire place for 

 that purpose. In some places, if the furnaces are of very large dimensions, the wood 

 is not split, as for instance in Doulevo. Coals replace wood for burning porcelain and 

 faience only in Riga, Kharkov, and in the Polish governments. The total quantity of 

 fuel used in the porcelain and faience manufactories of Russia was estimated for the 

 year 1890 as follows: wood, cubic sagenes 42,200, or about 410,000 cubic metres, 

 about 10,500,000 pouds, or about 174,000 metric tons; coal, 1,661,000 pouds, about 

 27,200 tons. To this amount must be added an inconsiderable quantity of peat, which 

 is used by the manufactory of Kusnetsov in Doulevo at the same time with wood; 

 about 5,000 cubic sagenes with about 1,250 cubic sagenes of wood, according to spec- 

 ial data, and by some Moscow manufactories, 600 cubic sagenes. If 1 part of coals 

 be assumed equal to 2 parts of wood, and 1 part of peat equal to three-fourths 

 parts of wood, and expressing the sum in coal, all these sorts of fuel would be equal 

 to 7,288,000 pouds, or about 120,000 metric tons. 



Payment is made to moulders by the piece, and to other workmen per month, 

 as is shown in the last column of the foregoing statistical table in those limits 

 which it generally reaches per month, according to the kind of work, the locality, 

 and partly, to the kind of production. Among the workmen employed, as is seen 

 from the table, there is a certain percentage of young people of both sexes under 



