CERAMICS. 



221 



age. These are young workmen wliich are used as carriers; they give to and take 

 from the moulders and turners, or are engaged in making small pieces whicii 

 are generally formed in gypsum, such as arms, and noses. Women's work is almost 

 exclusively the cleaning of articles after they have been glazed and dried in 

 the air. 



The payment for work becomes in the Russian manufactories, as well as 

 elsewhere, in the course of time dearer than at the beginning. The following example 

 of lowest and highest monthly wages for the corresponding categories of workmen, 

 especially in the porcelain production, where the difference between these categories 

 is the most marked, shows this item of expense for two periods of time. 



The medium payment per month in the best porcelain manufactories of Russia 

 was as follows. 



A man of all work, with lodging found. . . . 



Turners and common painters (the former are 

 generally paid per piece) 



In tlie forties. 



Now. 



7—8.5 rbls. 1 15-18 rbls. 



I 

 15—20 rbls. j 40—60 rbls. 



On the average, according to the annual accounts, the expenses for the pro- 

 duction in the porcelain manufactories which are occupied also with common painting, 

 as nearly all of them are, are distributed in their different parts nearly in the follow- 

 ing proportion. 



The selling price of ready articles of the first sort from the best porcelain 

 manufactories of Russia is for white articles without ornaments '' as follows : 



* Cheap printed ornaments are often for the manufactories a means of hiding defi- 

 ciences in the whiteness and cleanness of the surface of the article. Ornaments are there- 

 fore not always evidences of real value. On the other hand there are but few amateurs 

 who prefer wares without any ornament, for instance, without painted brims. 



