224 MANUFACTURES OF RUSSIA. 



Dutch. Of the home production the faience of Finland, which is used in the interior 

 of Eussia to the annual value of 60.000 to 65,000 roubles, is of great importance. 

 Receiving this rather considerable quantity from Finland, Eussia returns to the 

 Grand Duchy its faience of other sorts, and to some extent, its porcelain; for inst- 

 ance, Finland received in 1891 from the interior governments of Eussia faience 

 to the value of 48,730 roubles, and porcelain nearly 5,700 roubles, a total of 54,430 

 roubles. 



The faience imported chiefly comes from Germany (Villeroy & Boch, and 

 others) and amounts sometimes to one-third of the total import ; England, the Nether- 

 lands, and in a less degree Austria, France and Denmark come next. 



Simultaneously with the import exists a certain export of faience and porcelain, 

 which is directed across the European frontier, particularly into Eoumania, Turkey, 

 and to some extent to Germany ; and of late years, of porcelain, to the United 

 States of America. Porcelain is exported almost exclusively across the eastern and 

 southern frontiers into Asia, and particularly into Persia. In 1891 there were ex- 

 ported into Europe and Asia faience goods to the value of 29,000 roubles ; porcelain 

 into Europe and America for 98,000 roubles, and into Asia for 12,000 roubles; the total 

 weight of porcelain was about 18,300 pouds. The whole export of porcelain and faience 

 amounted to 247,000 roubles. 



Deducting this export from the total import, and adding the remainder to the 

 sum of the home production, the amount of the home consumption in Eussia of 

 porcelain and faience would be 5,000,000 roubles. The import into Eussia of pottery, 

 besides faience and porcelain including drain pipes across all frontiers, strange to 

 say, reaches in value the sum of the porcelain and faience import together. The 

 import of fire and common bricks, together with flooring tiles, common roof tiles and 

 a small quantity of clay mass, amounted in 1890 to about 800,000, and in 1891 to 

 about 860,000 roubles. Of these amounts fire brick and floor tiles form nearly three- 

 fourths of the total. 



Pottery articles of common and fire clay were imported as follows: 



Years. Pouds. Sum. 



1890 .... 230,970 7^2,208 roubles. 



1891 .... 206,044 629,751 > 



Such a considerable import proves that in Eussia, among the products of the 

 ceramic arts, there is a great deficiency of such articles as are most in demand for 

 common household use. It is only of late, as may be seen from the foregoing account, 

 that the foundations of a more complete development of the manufacture of articles 

 of household use, and particularly of pipes and stoneware, have been laid, and that 

 in the government of Novgorod. In any case it may be said that these foundations 

 are sufficiently strong, and it may be hoped that in a short time the deficiencies in 

 the home production will entirely disappear. 



From the sum of the import and the home production the total commercial 

 demand for ceramic articles of all three categories, namely, for faience, porcelain 

 and pottery, in Eussia, amounts to not less than 7,000,000 roubles a year. 



