CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. 23 '> 



semen cinac, collected from the arteuiisia of the Orenburg and Turkestan steppes, 

 and which was for a long time exported for the preparation of the well-known 

 medicine c santonins ». When the local inhabitants knew the object of the export and 

 the considerable mass of santonine sent to China and other parts of Asia, they began 

 to prepare it themselves, and now together with the seed they export an excellent 

 preparation of santonine. Thus, in 1890, 612 pouds, including 57 of specially reiined, 

 were exported, to the value of 90,000 roubles. 



The preparation of phosphorus, the materials for which in the form of bones 

 and phosphorites abound in many parts of Russia, had an almost similar origin in 

 Eussia, and especially in the government of Perm. During the sixties and seventies, 

 from two to four- thousand pouds of phosphorus, to the value of 100 to 120 thousand 

 roubles, were annually imported into Eussia for the manufacture of matches. Now the 

 import trade has almost ceased; in 1890, 198 pouds, valued at 7,000 roubles, were impor- 

 ted. On the contrary, an export trade has begun, which in 1890 amounted to 156 

 pouds, to the value of 47,000 roubles; this is due to the erection of several large 

 and small works for the preparation of pliosphorus; and, as is known, this is a manu- 

 facture which is rather complicated and requires a good deal of experience. At the 

 present time safety matches made of red phosphorus predominate in Eussia. They 

 are manufactured within the Empire, and have already found a market abroad. It 

 should be mentioned here that the production of phosphorus in Eussia was instigated 

 in 1868 by a high protective duty of 10 roubles gold per poud. The customs tariff 

 of 1891 raised this duty to 11 roubles, and, as has been already mentioned, protec- 

 tive duties have only been recently placed on the majority of other chemical 

 products. 



Eussia is chiefly supplied with cosmetics by the works of Moscow, St. Peters- 

 burg, Warsaw, Odessa, and the districts lying around these cities. In 1890 there were 

 altogether twenty-six such works, with a production of three million roubles worth 

 of goods. The foreign import has long been limited to about 500,000 roubles, which 

 shows that the home industry is sufficiently developed. And here it may be well to 

 mention that the import of glycerine which has many other applications besides that 

 of a cosmetic, has already given place to an export trade, and that it is prepared at 

 several works in Eussia, and notably at those of Krestovnikov in Kazan, where the 

 purification of glycerine by distillation and systematical crystallization is carried on 

 to such a degree that the product may be regarded as being as pure as possible, as 

 the author found to be the case by investigations made by himself. It is not sur- 

 prising that such a product should be exported, although there is a small import 

 trade going on all the same. 



Among the dyei> and colouring matters it is necessary to distinguish the natu- 

 ral from the artificial, and the mineral from the organic. Of the natural organic 

 dyes the most important are those which are produced in the tropics, because they 

 are employed in large quantities for dying tissues. They form the object of a large 

 import trade over all Europe, and Eussia annually imports from 50,000 to 60,000 pouds 

 of indigo, value six to seven million roubles; from 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 pouds of 

 campeachy, sandal, log, and other woods, value 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 roubles; cashoo 

 or catechu from 150,000 to 200,000 pouds, value 500,000 to 600,000 roubles; cochi- 

 neal 3,000 to 5,000 pouds, value about 100,000 roubles; and various other dyes of 



