CUKMKJAL INDUSTIiY. 237 



tain a mixture of baryta. Although red lead is manufactured at several Eussiaii 

 works, it is now annually imported to the amount of about 100,000 pouds Up 

 to 20,000 pouds of copper pig'uients, including verdigris, are imported, and about 

 10,000 pouds manufactured in Russia. The same may be said of the blue mineral 

 colours, such as ultramarine, Prussian blue- et cetera. They are already prepared in 

 Russia, but their manufacture does not advance sufficiently fast, so that there is 

 a simultaneous import trade in these materials. It is the same with the preparation 

 of blacks, blacking, ink, and ground paints. 



The commencement of these industries already exists in Russia, but the demand 

 exceeds the production, and thi« is especially the case with the better sorts of pig- 

 ments. The total value of the home production of mineral pigments, both natural 

 and artificial, is twice that of the imported, so that here also the home manufactui'e 

 has succeeded in making comparative progress with what it was not long ago: 

 and the same may be said with respect to the manufacture of the organic hydro- 

 carbon pigments, both natural and artificial. The manufacture of pigments is centred 

 in the governments of Moscow and St. Petersburg, in Poland, and in the south and 

 east of Russia. 



The above data show that the home production of chemical and dye goods is 

 still far from satisfying the growing demand, and that many branches require further 

 development. However, the beginning of this development has already taken place ; 

 and as the customs tariff of 1891 has given a distinct although not excessive pro- 

 tection to these industries, as they have thereby made noticeable progress notwith- 

 standing the short time since its improvement, it may be hoped that the home 

 chemical and pigment manufactures will now move in the right direction, that is, 

 that the foreign goods will gradually give way to the home products, as they have 

 done in many other branches of industry, for instance, the manufactures of cotton 

 goods and glass. And when with the help of protective duties the industry gains 

 strength, then an export trade if not of all, at all events of many chemical products 

 may be expected, just as it is with the manufactures which have long been the 

 object of a protective system, for example, the naphtha industry (Chapter XV;, the 

 sugar industry (Chapter XVII), and even the india-rubber manufacture (Chapter VII). 

 and some chemical goods, such as phosphorus (Chapter XIII). 



The manufacture of illuminating gas. 



Owing to want of time certain of the articles upon the Russian technical in- 

 dustries were not prepared in time for the edition destiued for the Columbian Expo- 

 sition. In the case of one of these, gas manufacture, it was thought best to give 

 a few general data extracted from Mr. S. J. Lamansky's article, because this 

 manufacture is so intimately connected with the chemical industries. 



The majority of Russian towns, mills, and works, are lighted by kerosene lamps; 

 but in many cases gas and electricity are also used, although owing to the cheapness 

 of kerosene they are notable to compete with the latter in respect to cost. In lighting 

 with kerosene a well constructed lamp consumes not more than three and one-half 

 grammes of oil per candle-power per hour; so that if the price per poud or 16,380 



