238 MANUFACTUEES OF RUSSIA. 



grammes be taken at one rouble, then 1,000 candles per hour will cost 22 kopecks- 

 In the case of gas, 1,000 candles per hour require the consumption of not less 

 than 330 cubic feet of gas, which even at the low price of 50 kopecks per thousand 

 cubic feet costs at least twice as dear as kerosene. Moreover, in recent times 

 the extension of gas illnmination has been hindered by the introduction of electric 

 lighting, which is now not only applied to many works and mills already furnished 

 with motors, but at those having special, and notably, kerosene motors, which are 

 very considerably used in Eussia. Electric lighting has for a long time been used 

 even in many mines, for instance, in the salt mines of the Donets district. The cheap- 

 ness of kerosene, and the many advantages of electric light, have caused the manu- 

 facture of lighting gas to be but little extended in Eussia, although there are excellent 

 materials for its manufacture in the form of many of the Donets coals and particu- 

 larly of those to the south of Lissichansk, and of the Eiazan bog-head, or the naphtha 

 refuse (Chapter XV). Water gas and Dawson's gas have been tried in Eussia but as 

 yet they are scarcely used. 



Thirty towns in Eussia are lighted by gas; twenty-two of them produce about 

 2,000 million cubic feet (about 56 million cubic metres) of illuminating, and in the 

 majority of cases, coal gas. Kiev is lighted by a mixture of wood and naphtha gas, 

 Vilna by wood gas, Kazan and Yalta by naphtha gas. Besides these thirty towns, 

 Mr. Eeyn in a paper read before the St. Petersburg Technical Society enumerated 

 157 gas works adjoining various mills and 23 gas works of various railway stations. 

 The majority of the small gas works extract their gas from naphtha refuse. This 

 gas is known to be very dense owing to its containing numerous heavy hydrocarbons, 

 and its manufacture in Eussia is carried on very easily and simply. The largest gas 

 works are in St. Petersburg, where about 20,000,000 cubic metres are consumed 

 annually. Here, a certain portion of the gas is consumed in gas motors, which, how- 

 ever, are now being gradually replaced by kerosene motors. 



