THE XAPHTHA INDUSTRY. 257 



burns in ordinary lamps constructed for burning the American oil; and has, owinj,' 

 to the removal of the more volatile components, a flash point of about 25 to 'iO" in 

 Abel-Pensk's apparatus. 



5. The Baku naphtha yields from 40 to 50 per cent by weight of heavy safety 

 lighting oil, or Baku oil, having a specitic gravity of 0.82 to 0.84 and a flash point of 

 40" to 60° C. But the safety oil, which is far bettei- than the ordinary kerosene, requires 

 lamps having a short distance between the wick and reservoir, and a regular current 

 of air; and although such lamps are to be found, still they are made in far less 

 quantities than those designed for burning the common and more dangerous oil ol' 

 the American type. 



6. After separating from the Baku naphtha those lighter products which 

 give the ordinary kerosene of the American type, there remain from 10 to 

 30 per cent by weight of an intermediate, so-called solar or light house oil, of 

 specific gravity 0.84 to 0.88, which is an entirely safe illuminant, its flash point 

 being very high, from 60" to 100° C. and above, and which can be perfectly well 

 burned in lamps specially constructed for the purpose, and capable of burning even a 

 mixture of all the refined products of the distillation of naphtha, forming from 80 to 

 85 per cent by weight of the raw Baku naphtha, and a perfectly safe means of 

 illumination, as the author demonstrated before the Bussian Physico-Chemical Society 

 in 1883, Vol. XV, p. 271. 



7. After separating the benzine, kerosene, and intermediary oil from the Baku 

 naphtha and continuing the distillation Avitli superheated steam, about 10 to 30 per 

 cent by weight of lubricating oils are obtained. These oils do not solidify iu the cold, 

 nor oxidize in the air, after prolonged purification with sulphuric acid and caustic 

 soda, and have a specific gravity from 0.87 to 0.91, and a flash point above 100^ C; 

 they are also suitable for every kind of lubrication. 



8. After the distillation of these lubricating oils, the Baku naphtha gives a 

 heavy refuse which, when distilled with the aid of highly superheated steam at 

 350" to 400" C, splits up with the formation of gaseous and volatile hydrocar- 

 bons into: a. a i^roduct which solidifies in the cold, and is known as «naphtha tallow? 

 or sehonapld, which contains solid paraffins and, after the requisite pui'ificatiou, 

 vaseline to the amount of 5 to 10 per cent of the raw naphtha; h. liquid hydrocar- 

 bons (their amount increases at the expense of the vaseline, as the pressure under 

 which the distillation is carried on increases) suitable after refining for lighting in 

 kerosene lamps ; these products of decomposition were first investigated by the author, 

 (JourKal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, 1881, Vol. XIII, p. 456) and are 

 now being studied by \. E. Tishchenko; c. combustible gaseous hydrocarbons 

 having a high illuminating power, and serviceable as a fuel for the distillation of 

 the raw naphtha. 



Thus, the Baku naphtlia is capable, as the author proved by researches which 

 he carried out on a large scale at the Constantinov Works, of being totally distilled, 

 that is, without leaving any carboniferous residue, and of giving a series of most useful 

 products, which from the cheapness of the primary material and transport are open 

 to a universal sale. But in reality such a perfect distillation or utilization of the 

 Baku naphtha is at present impossible, owing to the fact that by this means 100 parts 

 by weight of Baku naphtha give, after deducting those portions which are wasted 



17 



