CKMKNTS. 271 



•exporting- its Portland cement to Russia, with which previous to the Crimean war 

 it was in liostile relations. The export of cement from England to Eussia was for- 

 bidden by a special decree of the Queen of England, and this was one of the chief 

 reasons for the erection of cement works at Stettin. The Portland cement made at 

 Stettin was from the first distinguished for its high qualities, and was chiefly manu- 

 factured for the Eussian market (Exposition Universelle 18.")."), rapports du Jury mixte 

 international II, 143). 



Thus, the beginning of the fifties saw the establishment of the manufacture of 

 Portland cement in France and Germany. At the same time, the first manufacturing 

 enterprise dealing in cements wasjalso initiated in Eussia by a military engineer, 

 P. E. Roshe in 1851. The first beginning towards the establishment of cement works 

 in Eussia had already been made. Towards the close of the reign of the Emperor 

 Alexander I. during the twenties, a French engineer Eaucourt de Charleville. in his 

 time a known specialist on this branch of the building arts, and one of the first to 

 realize in France the just elaborated methods and principles of Vica. was invited 

 to Eussia for the purpose of impaiting information respecting hydraulic solutions, and 

 for the investigation of Eussian local materials suitable for the manufacture of 

 cement. The then Chief Director of Ways of Communication in Russia, General A. 

 M. Betancourt, nominated De Charleville, Professor of the Building Arts at the Insti- 

 tute of Ways of Communication, and at the time commissioned him to conduct re- 

 searches in Eussia, similar to those which he had already carried on in France. The 

 vast work of De Charleville was printed in 1822 (Traite sur Tart de faire de bons 

 mortiers, et cetera ; St-Petersbourg, imprimerie des voies de communication 1822, 

 in 4", 362 p.). 



Among the Eussiau limestones investigated by De Charleville, were those of 

 the town of Xarva. where he constructed a bridge over the river Xarova below the 

 falls, and which is distinguished for its exceedingly rapid current. He also investigated 

 the limestone of the shores of Lake Ladoga, where General Basen was then conducting 

 large hydrotechnical works, and also the Tosna limestone which had a special interest 

 in view of its importance for building purposes in St. Petersburg. The researches and 

 experiments of De Charleville on the best methods of preparing hydraulic solutions 

 from local limestones, were of great importance to civil engineering and were then 

 and subsequently made use of. and their influence was partly seen thirty years later 

 in the organization of a cement industry at the first Eussian cement works established 

 <it St. Petersburg. 



It became known that the Tosna limestone contains all the materials for the 

 formation of a good hydraulic cement, and that even the common burnt lime from 

 Tosna, used for simple mortars, evinces certain hydraulic properties. Colonel 

 P. G. Roshe who was commissioned by the Government to investigate the limestones 

 of the government of St. Petersburg, confirmed the statement that those layers of 

 the Tosna limestones, which contain the most clay, are capable of giving a good 

 hydraulic solution. These researches, which were based upon facts indicated by theory, 

 were confirmed by actual experience. In 18.51 Eoshe started the erection of a cement 

 factory on the banks of the Neva in the district of Schliisselburg, 25 versts dis- 

 tant from St. Petersburg: and by successive experiments he elaborated a method for 

 the manufacture of a good Eoman cement from the Tosna limestone. In the sixties. 



