272 MANUFACTURES OF RUSSIA. 



many building's erected Avith the aid of this, the first Russian cement, gave proof of 

 ]is satisfactory qualities, for instance, the tower of the St. Petersburg water works, 

 which is. with all its submarine parts, 26 sagenes high. The great advantage of 

 his new cement was that it cost a third of the price of the English cement, it 

 being from 16 to 20 kopecks per poud, while the English cost 60 kopecks. 



In 1866 Eoshe's works, which then had a production of about 200,000 pouds 

 per annum, began to use the Volkhov limestone, from the banks of the river Vol- 

 khov, which contains from 16 to 25 per cent of argillaceous impurities, and which 

 now remains the material used by the St. Petersburg cement works. The influence 

 of Minard and ViUeneuve's theory respecting the so-called basic carbonate of lime,, 

 which was accepted by the managers of Eoshe's works, hindered the first Russian 

 cement works from passing from the manufacture of Eoman to Portland cement, and which 

 was soon considered indispensible, upon the principle of not carrying on the roasting 

 of the stone to softness. This peculiarity in the mode of manufacture at Eoshe's 

 works, which was not entirely satisfactory in regard to the quality of the material 

 treated, was remarked somewhat later, in 1868, and explained by the researches of 

 one of the best known specialists upon cements. Prof. A. E. Shouliachenko *, who 

 subsequently founded the production of Portland cement from the same material in 

 St. Petersburg. After Eoshe's works which are still in existence under other proprie- 

 tors and are known as the «Star Works», the oldest cement factory in Eussia is the 

 hydraulic lime concern of J. K. Pahl, which was erected in 1852, adjoining the lime- 

 kilns of the same proprietor in the Peterhov district, in the village of Zoborie. In 

 the seventies these works produced up to 80,000 pouds (8,000 casks). At the present 

 time they have stopped working. 



Soon after the establishment of the first cement works in St. Petersburg, other 

 similar enterprises were started in another locality on the border line of Eussia, in 

 the south-west frontier corner of Poland, where the Eussian and the Austro-German 

 boundary lines meet. In this region a small Eoman cement works was first started in 

 the government of Kelets in the Olekoushsk district at the village of Slavkovo. 

 These works were erected by Mr. J. J. Tsekhanovsky in 1853. Four years later a some- 

 what larger Portland cement factory was erected in the government of Petrokovsk, in 

 the village of Grodzetsy, where the manufacture was greatly facilitated by the fact 

 that it could be carried on with the aid of the neighbouring coal. This was the first 

 Portland cement factory in Eussia ; at first its production was limited, but towards the 

 close of the sixties it rose to 250 to 275 thousand pouds a year, or 20 to 23 thousand 

 twelve-pond casks; owing to the geographical position of the works, they not only 

 supplied the local requirements, but also found a market in the neighbouring parts 

 of Austria and Prussia, and up to the seventies the foreign sale formed their chief 

 support'*. 



The present development of the Eussian cement manufacture, begins with the 

 erection of a cement factory on the Baltic sea frontier, at Podera near Eiga, which 

 was started upon the initiative of one of the most active industrial organizers of the 



* See .Jaliresbericht fiir Chemie 18G8, p. 939—940. 

 ** Factors of the Russian Industrial Exhibition of 1S70; St. Petersburg, Section II. 

 Class 8. Guide book of the exhibition of 1870, p. 126. Class 8. As 34. 



