CEMKNTS. 'Jt-i 



town of Riga, Mr. K. C. Schmidt. The researclies of Prof. V. P. Liven of the Yuriev 

 University, published in the « Archives of the Natural Sciences of Lithuania)), upon the 

 composition of cement-forming' materials and the conditions of their hardening 

 which preceded the erection of Mr. Schmidt's works, were begun in 1H65, 

 and these works were built by Prof. Liven in 1H67. Very soon afterwards, the same 

 learned cliemist appeared as tlie constructor of another Baltic cement works at Port 

 Kunda, near Vesenberg, lialf way between Narva and Eeval. These works were 

 started in 1870. Subsequently, in 18H2, Prof. Liven erected the Black Sea Cement 

 Factory at Novorossisk near the port of Novorossisk on the north-eastern side of the 

 Black Sea. These v^'orks are the property of the Black Sea Cement Company. For 

 further information respecting Novorossisk, see ^Novorossisk, Its Shipping and Facil- 

 ities, St. Petersburg, 18*J1.» 



The wide scientific experience of Prof. Liven upon the manufacture of cement, 

 is proved by the fact that at each of these three large works which he erected and 

 organized, tlie quality of the Portland cement produced was equally good, although 

 the local conditions and the materials used were totally different. At Eiga the manu- 

 facture was at first founded upon the scanty local material, but it soon went over, 

 as the production increased, to the employment of soft chalk imported from England. 

 At Port Kunda the enterprise Avas based upon the abundance of excellent fresh water 

 marls found in the neighbourhood, and which have now been worked for over 

 twenty years. At Novorossisk a natural clay limestone is roasted, which is described 

 in a paper by Mr. Stavitsky in the « Records of the Caucasian Section of the Tecli- 

 nical Society)), Vol. XVII, Number 5, which also contains the analyses made by 

 Liven. These works, amongst which the Riga works, as the oldest, long stood first 

 in the amount of its production, are still most important in Russia. 



During the six or seven years interval between the foundation of these three 

 works, several smaller Roman and Portland cement works were erected. Thus, the 

 Roman cement factory at Kerch, on the Sea of Azov, were erected in 1868 by M. J. 

 Cherkassov, and towards the seventies turned out about 4,000 casks, or 40 thou- 

 sand pouds, with a plant of five cement kilns. Another cement factory was established in 

 the Caucasus, in the government of Koutais near Poti, at about the same time, for the 

 purpose of supplying the works of the port of Poti. These works treated hydraulic 

 marls which were found, after some surveys made at the instigation of the Admin- 

 istration, by Mr. Bakhmetiev (Transactions of the Kiev Section of the Technical 

 Society IV, 19) near the village of Teklat in the government of Koutais. These 

 works, however, were soon closed, as the French Theil hydraulic lime was prepared 

 for the Poti port works, although it was dearer. This Theil lime (Theil, canton de 

 Viviers dep. de I'Ardeche) has been worked in the Lafarge quarry for centuries, and 

 gives a hydraulic product which resists the action of sea water very well. The 

 greater number of the pr^rts of the south of France have been constructed with this 

 lime. It was imported first to Poti and then to Batoum in very large quantities, 

 until 1882, when the Novorossisk works were founded, and wlien the conditions for 

 supplying the Black Sea ports with cements for submarine works entirely changed. 



The Finnish factory <:Savio> was built by Mr. Brummer in 1869, in the Neu- 

 landsk government in the parish of Tusbio, about 2 to H miles by rail from Helsing- 

 fors, and it has made considerable progress in recent years. The works erected in 



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