274 MANUFACTURES OF RUSSIA. 



1S70 by C. C. Eolov in the government of Kharkov, in the district of Valkovsk a; 

 the village of Starya Vodolaga, did not remain in action long. Emile Lipgardt 

 & Go's works near Kolomna, at Schurovo on the Moscovv-Riazan Railway, were estab- 

 lished in 1875, and are now working. In the same year the Moscow «Podolsk» 

 factory, near the station of Podolsk on the Moscow-Kursk Railway, were founded by 

 Mr. Porokhovschik aided by Mr. Kouchera a chemist, and continued for four years 

 without particular success. These works afterwards passed into the hands of the 

 Moscow Joint-Stock Company for the Manufacture of Cements and other Building 

 Materials-., and after being completely rebuilt, in 1887, began to work regularly, and 

 now stand among the chief Russian cement works. Lastly, in 1877, the small Zdol- 

 bounovsk factor}^ was erected at the station of Zdolbunovo on the Kiev-Brest Railway 

 in the district of Ostrogozsk in the Government of Volynia by Mr. E. J. Elenek, 

 an Austrian subject. 



The last ten years 1883 to 1893 were noted for a particularly large growth in 

 the production of the Russian cement works, which was further increased by the 

 erection of two new centres of production, the «Vissoko Works » in Poland at Laza 

 on the Warsaw Vienna Railway, founded in 1885, and the «Gloukhoozersk Factory* 

 in St. Petersburg, where the results of Prof. Shouliachenko's vast scientific researches, 

 were applied to the production of Portland cement with brilliant success. At the 

 present time both these works belong to the number of the largest Portland cement 

 works in Russia. Thus, there are now seven large Portland cement works in Russia, 

 the Riga, Port Kunda, Novorossisk, Gloukhoozersk, Podolsk, Vissoko, and the Grodzetsk. 

 To these may be added the smaller Schurov works of Lipgart and Co., which also 

 manufacture Portland cement. Of the remaining factories above mentioned the following 

 are now working : the St. Petersburg, Star Roman, of Roshe, the Finnish Savio, the 

 Kerchensk Roman, and the Zdolbounovsk works in Volynia. 



The majority of the Russian Portland works carry on, as is usual, the manu- 

 facture of artificial cement ; that is to say, they prepare their fundamental clay and 

 lime material by making an artificial mixture of the two component parts; moreover, 

 they generally work after the wet method (grinding with water, stirring vats, large, 

 settling vats, puddling before moulding in hand moulds, and drying stands). The 

 St. Petersburg Gloukhoozersk Works carry on the mixing by the dry method 

 (drying the material in drying chambers, dry grinding, sifting, making into a thick 

 paste, and moulding in a brick machine). The Novorossisk factory operates upon a 

 natui'al Portland cement produced by directly roasting a clay limestone, certain layers 

 of which present a ready made natural mixture which entirely answers to all the 

 requirements of Portland cement. Besides ordinary kilns working with coke, nearly all 

 the factories possess Dietsch ordinary double ovens, in which the cement is roasted 

 by means of coals. Some works, for instance the Podolsk, employ Hofman's circular 

 ovens. 



The grinding of the materials, and of the cement itself after roasting requires, 

 as is known, the expenditure of a very considerable power, depending upon the min- 

 eralogical hardness of the limestone treated, and also partly upon that of the product 

 after roasting. Of all the Russian Portland cement factories, that at Port Kunda 

 treats the softest limestone, and works with engines having a total of about 300 

 horse power (two turbines and one steam engine, and another turbine of 150 horse 



