GEOGKAPniCAL REVIEW. 29 



an iiiHiionco, but tlie comparative severity of the winters and their relative dryness. Of the 

 trees spread over all European Russia, there disappear, immediately on crossiui: the Ural: 

 The oak, two species, (quercus sessiliflora, Im. and quercus pediinculataEhr.), the hazel (corylus 

 avellana L.), the two elms (nlnius campestris L. and ulmus pedunculata Fouq.), all species of 

 maple (acer), the ash (fraxinus excelsior L), and finally, the apple tree (pniis mains L). The 

 woods of the agricultural and forest regions of Silioria are composed of the conifers: the Si- 

 lierian fir (abies sibirica Led.), passing from Siberia into north-eastern Russia, and in Siberia 

 itself reaching to Kamchatka, the oriental or Siberian pitch-pine (picea orieutalis L.), also 

 passing into the northern and north-eastern part of European Russia, and through Siberia 

 reaching the Kuril ishmds; two species of larch, the Siberian (larix sibirica Led.), also pass- 

 ing into the north-eastern part of European Russia and in Siberia spread as far as Baikal, 

 and the dahur larch (larix dahurica Trautv.) a purely Siberian form, occurring in Western 

 Siberia between Beriozov and Obdorsk; the Siberian cedar (pinus cembra L.), scarcely cross- 

 ing the Ural on the European side, but in Siberia spread as far as Behring Sea and cross- 

 ing into the northern part of America; finally, the common pine (pinus communis L.). The 

 Siberian taigas and urmans are formed of these species. With the conifers in these taigas are 

 associated certain foliage trees, in particular the aspen, and to some extent, the Inreh on the 

 skirts of the taiga. In the cultivated or agricultural zone, with soils similar to Chernoziom of 

 European Russia, foliage trees prevail, and even (jver such areas as are called ste|)pes by the 

 Siberians; for example, on the Baraba steppe, groves of trees alternate pleasantly with prairie, 

 and in localities occupied by a permanent colonization with field and fallow. The foliage for- 

 ests of the Western Siberian plain consist of the following species: the common birch (betnia 

 alba L.), aspen (populus trcmula L. ), the abele (populus alba L.) occurring only in the 

 southern part of the plain; both species of alder (alniiis gluliiiosa W. and alnuis ini'ana W), 

 linden (tilia parvifolia Ehrh), the last also confined h) the sdUibiTii part df the cultivated 

 Zone. To these lofty kinds must be added two kinds of mwan. ihe ordinary inoiuitain ash 

 (sorbus aucnparia L.) and the Siberian species (sorbus tomenlosa. J,.): the common bird cherry 

 (pruniis padus L.) and also many sorts of willow (salix) of wliicli nioi-i' than liliccu European 

 Russian species occur in the forest and agricnlinral zones of Silioria. 



There are very f(;w shrubs thriving in the Western Siberian |)lain wliii'li are not fouml 

 in the wild slate in l']iU'opeaii Russia. Among such inusi however be reckoned the common 

 garden acacia (caragana arborescens Lam.), I he reil hawthorn (Crataegus sanguinea Pall) 

 the cornel (cornus alba L.), so well acclimatized in the gardens of European Russia, and one 

 kiml of meadow sweet (s[)iraea liiiticosa L). 



The flora of tlie p(dar tundia zone presents very little ilillerenco from that of the Eu- 

 ropean Russia tundras ol' Lapland and Samoyed. Nearly all ibis zone's characteristic low- 

 growing, sluiileil sbrubs, for exaiuple one species ui' aibulus, (areto^laphilus alpiua Ail.) the 

 heathers or aiidrouiedas (cassiope tetragona Don., C. hypnoides Don.), phylodoce saxifidia Sa- 

 lisb.. loiseleiiria proeuuibeus Don., a speeies of lediiui — latifoliiiiu Ail., also l)elonging to 

 the European floia, ami only one sjiecies of the jiolar azalea (^nMimihamaus fragrans 

 D. C.) and one polar willow (salix arctica L.) are not met within European liussia. 



