THE FORMATION OF FORESTS 129 
trees, such as the chocolate, demand shade and shelter 
throughout their whole life. 
Success in planting on fresh burns is doubtful. 
The blackness draws the heat of the sun. In such 
eases it is best to wait until a young crop of such 
plants as poplar and birch appear, as in the Adiron- 
dacks. In these poplar thickets strips or hght thin- 
nings may be cut, and the young plants planted with 
the grub-hoe. In the case of old hardwood forest, 
from which the softwood has been removed, it is prob- 
ably best to cut clean, utilize as much of it as possible, 
and then burn the rest in piles or windrows. As soon 
as the land is cleared, then plant. Every district ealls 
for special treatment, depending upon the climate 
and soil. 
The natural regeneration of forests may be effect- 
ed in two ways—by seed and by coppice. A coppice 
growth consists of the shoots which spring from the 
‘stump when a tree is cut, and ef suckers from the 
roots. 
The trees which yield the seed are called mother- 
trees. In natural regeneration the work of Nature is 
hastened by man to a certain extent. The seeds are 
sown by Nature, but man prepares the germinating 
bed by wounding the soil, and regulates the light by 
cutting in such a way that speedy regeneration is 
favored. 
