‘THE FORMATION OF FORESTS 133 
stand in such a way that the new crop replaces the old. 
The first cutting is conducted when the trees have 
reached maturity, and are in good condition to pro- 
duce an abundance of seed. Just as soon as the whole 
ground is stocked with seedlings, other cuts are con- 
ducted to let in more light, but still to leave sufh- 
cient trees for shelter. As soon as the little trees 
are well established the mother trees are completely 
removed. By this system of regeneration fellings, the 
old crop is gradually replaced by the new. The cuts 
should be so conducted that the young crop may be 
even throughout. This has accidentally occurred 
where trees have been gradually removed by wood- 
land owners. Unintentionally, pine woods have thus 
often been splendidly regenerated. In places a few 
young trees may get the start of others, or have 
started before the beginning of the regeneration cut- 
tings. This is called advance-growth. Where even- 
aged woods are desired, this is unwelcome. It may 
have stood many years in a suppressed yet living 
condition in the shade of the old wood. It is, there- 
fore, often not capable of developing into healthy, 
full-sized trees. Where evenness of stand is not 
especially desired, it is not objectionable. 
The methods just described, together with regen- 
eration by means of coppice, constitute the principal 
means of natural regeneration. 
