THE FORMATION OF FORESTS 135 
The formation, tending, and cutting of forests 
with regeneration in view, may be briefly expressed 
as follows: 
FORMATION, Tending. | Cutting with regeneration in view. 
1. Direct I Cutting clean, but in such a 
1. Cleaning| 4, | way that the forest will be re- 
sowing of = generated by seed from adjoin- 
> ing woods; or cutting clean, with 
seed and 5 the purpose of regenerating by 
2. Pruning | & | direct sowing, or by planting, 
planting. 2 or by depending on shoots and 
= > | suckers. 
2. Natural Lien Il Cutting here and there only 
3. Thinning} 5° | those trees which are mature or 
regenera- = = | which for various reasons should 
; 2+ be removed, but insuch a way 
tion by 5 | that each tree cut will be re- 
2 placed by a group of young 
seed and | 4. Protect- | ones, 
es ( Cutting uniformly successive- 
ly so that the mature stand will 
be gradually replaced by the 
| young growth, leaving some old 
| trees for seed and shelter. 
a 
— 
by coppice. 
cutting 7 
Successive 
Since regeneration is an important factor in the 
classification of these silvicultural systems, and since 
regeneration is the keynote of forestry, it is proper to 
define these systems more in detail in this connection. 
In the selective system regeneration is conducted 
throughout the forest irregularly by the removal of 
the oldest, largest, or defective trees. When the trees 
which should be removed for silvicultural reasons 
have no value, and when the condition of the forest 
does not warrant the expense which their removal 
