THE FORMATION OF FORESTS 141 
of large stumps, rot begins and extends into the 
shoots. Small stumps often grow over before rot be- 
gins. Three shoots may be left advantageously to 
every stump. If the stumps are cut smooth close to 
the ground, and with sloping top, the coppice of a 
few species will grow into good timber. The red- 
RIDING THE LoGs IN THE RAQUETTE RIVER. 
wood of our West is the only conifer in this country 
which produces a vigorous coppice. Some of the 
more promising shoots here and there may be allowed 
a longer rotation, or other trees may be introduced 
or encouraged. These are usually called standards, 
and a coppice-growth with a short rotation, with here 
10 
