142 PRACTICAL FORESTRY 
and there trees which are allowed a longer rotation, 
is called coppice with standards.* The main body of 
coppice, for instance, may be cut every ten years for 
fuel, while the standards may be allowed fifty years 
in order to furnish ties, telegraph or telephone poles, 
pilings, and in some instances, saw timber. 
What might be called a modification of the cop- 
pice system is the pollarding and lopping of trees, 
which is extensively practised in Europe for the pur- 
pose of yielding, at frequent intervals, twigs and 
branches for fuel and various other purposes. 
*In our North the term ‘‘standard” is used as a unit of 
measure. It is a log nineteen inches in diameter at the small 
end and thirteen feet in length. It contains about 195 feet B. M. 
