172 PRACTICAL FORESTRY 
tenderest regeneration, and annihilate it. The forest 
never recovers, but presents many pretty and open 
glades, which soon become ugly blanks. The next 
stage is that of a park-like pasture, with a few trees 
in groups or singly. The end is now at hand. The 
trees are killed by the trampling of the soil under 
them, or by the rapping, barking, and bruising they 
suffer, and the park is succeeded by the bare plain 
or the naked hillside, cut up by ravines. Sometimes 
the ruin is completed at once; for the shepherds are 
fond of extending their boundaries, or ‘ improving 
the grass’ by burning the forest.” 
The extent of the injuriousness of grazing to 
forest-growth is an extremely important question 
to both our western reserves and the sheep industry. 
Mr. Gifford Pinchot, in a recent article on Trees and 
Civilization in the World’s Work, says: “The in- 
vestigations of the Division of Forestry establish two 
things: First, that in certain reserves (including all 
of those in California) sheep grazing should be pro- 
hibited altogether. Secondly, that in the majority of 
the reserves limited sheep grazing may, with suitable 
regulations, be carried on with entire safety to the 
forest. Such reserves are those of Arizona, New 
Mexico, Oregon, and Washington east of the summit 
of the Cascades. In such localities it is purely a 
question of degree. The finest reproduction of the 
