190 PRACTICAL FORESTRY 
age price. The purchaser is concerned only with 
the removal of the timber. He leaves the ground 
covered with inflammable slash, and has little or no 
regard for the young trees which should form the 
future forest. He leaves few seed trees, and fire and 
destruction follow in his wake. 
In the North the fellmg of trees with ax and saw 
begins early in the fall and continues until winter. 
The trees are converted into logs, and snaked out by 
teams of oxen or horses to the skidways. When 
snow and cold weather come, the logging roads are 
packed and sprinkled with water so that the great 
sled-loads of logs may be moved with little effort. 
These logs are hauled to the bank of a stream. When 
the spring thaw comes and the stream begins to swell, 
the logs, with the aid of cant-hooks and peavies, are 
rolled into the water. . 
These streams are often prepared at great expense. 
Dams and sluices are constructed, and vocks blasted 
so that the logs may have sufficient water, and avoid 
obstacles which would oceasion jams. 
With the flush of water the drive begins. When 
all goes well, the great mass of logs glides easily 
with the current. There must be booms here and 
there to prevent the logs from backing into sloughs, 
or into the bushes along the flooded stream banks, 
and the drivers must be ever alert to prevent the 
