70 Curb, Snaffle, and Spur. 



not always take its bearing upon the most 

 sensitive points; but the latter has a wider 

 range of effect than the curb-bit, and should 

 be used with it to assist the stronger instrument 

 when it fails by reason of its limits. The curb- 

 bit is of use in restraining and in carrying back 

 the impulses. The snaffle is of use in elevating 

 or in depressing the forehand, and in teaching 

 the changes of direction. 



The trainer should consider the two extremi- 

 ties of the horse as parts of a machine which 

 should be made to work in unison. The rider's 

 heels control the hind quarters and bring up 

 the impulses. The hand controls the forehand 

 and directs the mass, which has been united 

 between the application of the aids. The forces 

 of the extremities should be united as closely 

 and be kept as level as is consistent with the 

 movement which the rider desires to obtain. 



When a horse moves along in a shambling 

 pace, bearing upon the hand or dragging its 

 hind quarters, it is dis-united, and is in no con- 

 dition to give quick and ready obedience to its 

 rider, or even to bear him with safety. Should 

 the rider demand increased impulses from the 



