— 418- 



Urinary Calculi. — (See Stone in the Bladder.) 



Urine, Bloody. — (See Haematuria.) 



Varicose. — The enlarged vein on the hock-joint, caused by 

 bog and blood spavin. (See Spavins and Tumors.) 



Venesection. Bleeding by opening a vein. 



Ventilation. — Few persons are aware of the vast importance 

 of pure, fresh air in the maintenance of health, and the preven- 

 tion of disease, in both man and beast. However necessary pure 

 air is in health, it is still more so to an animal when sick from 

 fever and disease; and indeed there are diseases in which no 

 treatment can or will be successful, no matter how skilfully di- 

 rected, without pure fresh air, and cold water to drink. Show me 

 a badly ventilated stable or barn, and I will show you in the 

 spring of each year horses fevered and diseased. (See Disinfec- 

 tants.) Coughs, colds, lung fever, influenza, grease, scratches, farcy 

 and glanders, are the results of bad ventilation. 



Who has not heard with horror of the Black Hole at Cal- 

 cutta, in which one hundred and forty-six men were confined for 

 a few hours without ventilation, and only twenty -three survived 

 the short confinement! Horses were confined only for a few 

 hours without ventilation, in the case of two military expeditions 

 sent out by England — one to QuiberoUy and the other to Varna — 

 in which the hatches of the ships were put down, and only for a 

 short time, but sufficiently long to produce glanders in almost 

 every horse. Hence, it will be perceived that, without good ven- 

 tilation, a high standard of general health cannot be maintained 

 very long. 



Vives. — A term given to bastard, or an irregular variety of 

 strangles. (See Strangles.) 



Warts.— (See Tumors.) 



Warranty. — A form of certificate given on the purchase or 

 payment for a horse. There is nothing mysterious, nor yet of 

 much importance, as to the form of a warranty. The best forms 

 amount to nothing, in the eyes of the law. Horses are like other 

 merchandise. If not as represented, damages or difference in 

 value can be obtained by a process of law, providing the seller 

 can be found, and has property which can be levied upon. Tis 

 true, in such a case, an action in tort may be brought whereby, if 



