130 RECOGNIZING AND CORRECTING DECLINING FORAGE 



Large mountain bromegrass {Brotnus margitiatus). 



Little bluegrass {Foa Sandhergii). 



Low loco {Astragalus decumhens). 



Mountain lupine {Lupinus alpestris). 



Nevada bluegrass {Poa Nevadensis). 



Porter's bromegrass {Bromus Porteri). 



Single-flowered helianthella {Helianthella uniflora). 



Spiked fescue (Festuca confinis). 



Spiked trisetum {Trisetum spicatum). 



Sweet sage {Artemisia discolor). 



Western fescue {Festuca occidentalis) . 



Yarrow {Achillea lanulosa). 



Climax herbaceous stage: 



Most characteristic species — 



Small wheatgrass {Agropyron dasystachyum). 



Blue bunch wheatgrass {Agropyron spicatum). 



Slender wheatgrass {Agropyron tenerum). 

 Other species of the climax herbaceous stage — 



Violet wheatgrass {Agropyron violaceum). 



The more species that are made use of as indicators of pasture 

 conditions the safer are the conclusions. For instance, if a type 

 is merging into the early or first weed stage from a higher plant 

 cover, assurance of this fact is found in the increasing abundance 

 of several of the most characteristic " primary " species of the 

 early weed stage, and in the presence here and there at least of 

 the less common forms of that stage. 



QUESTIONS 



1. Why can not the waning of a pasture be satisfactorily judged by the 

 condition of the stock grazed? 



2. Discuss the theory of plant succession in relation to grazing capacity 

 and range management. 



3. Enumerate three conspicuous indications of overgrazing. 



4. (a) Name four t^q^e stages of native pasture vegetation, {b) Which of 

 these is the highest, and which is the lowest? 



