374 PASTURE MANAGEMENT AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 



(3) Fertilizers. 



(A) Kinds and amounts to apply, 



(4) Control of weeds. 



C. Recognition and correction of a declining forage 

 yield. 



a. Indicators of destructive grazing. 



(i) Old (empirical) method. 



(A) Serious destruction in forage 

 cover. 



(B) Poor condition of stock 

 grazed. 



(C) Erosion and floods. 



(2) New (scientific) method. 



(A) Slight changes in forage cover 

 shown by indicator plants. 



(3) Conspicuous signs of overgrazing. 



(A) Erosion, barrenness, and 

 prominent stock trails; dead 

 shoots of palatable woody 

 plants; damage to timber 

 reproduction; presence of 

 poisonous plants, etc. 



(4) Slight departures in grazing capacity; 

 increase in unpalatable plants. 



b. Type stages of plants indicating range con- 

 ditions. 



(i) Climax herbaceous stage. 



(A) Characteristic species. 



(a) Growth habits. 



(b) Ecological characteris- 

 tics. 



(c) Forage value. 



(2) Mixed grass and weed stage. 



(A) Discussion same as (A) im- 

 mediately above. 



(3) Second or late weed stage. 



