OUTLINE OF GRAZING COURSE 385 



(b) Cell-sap density of im- 

 portant species. 



(c) Water requirement. 



(d) Morphological charac- 

 teristics of dominant 

 species. 



D. Rate of succession (revegetation) of the various 

 ecological plant stages. 



a. Plots. 



(i) Protected (fenced). 



(A) The important forage types 

 that have been grazed with 

 varying intensity. 

 (2) Unprotected (grazed). 



(A) Same as under (A) above. 



b. Other sample plots. 



(i) Denuded. 

 (2) Undenuded. 



E. Period study (beginning and closing of grazing 

 season). 



a. When range is ready for grazing. 



b. Division of range into natural-type units. 



(i) Yellow pine-oak (Transition zone). 



(2) Fir-aspen (Canadian zone). 



(3) Spruce-fir (Hudsonian zone). 



c. Methods of study. 



(i) Phenological observations of im- 

 portant forage species and indicator 

 plants. 



(A) On different slopes and ex- 

 posures for each important 

 type. 

 (a) Vegetative, flower, and 

 fruit development. 

 d. When grazing should close. 



(i) Growth arrested; heavy frosts. 

 (2) Fruit cast. 



