GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. 19 



is stretched out; but the upper glands (No. 1, fig. 7), which 

 open on both sides of the pharynx or mouth {ph), can yield 

 their product only Avhen the tongue is bent backwards, to help 

 feed the larva (64) lying at the bottom of the cell. 



42. The mouth of the bee has mandibles or outer jaws, 

 which move sidewise, like those of ants and other insects, 

 instead of up and down as in higher animals. These jaws 

 are short, thick, without teeth, and beveled inside so as to 

 form a hollow when jomed together, as two spoons would do. 

 \Yith them, they manipulate the wax to build their comb, 

 open the anthers of flowers to get the honey, and seize and 

 hold, to drag them out. robbers or intruders, or debris of any 

 kind. 



^ 



Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. 



Head of honey- Head of horey- Mandible of honey- Mandible of honey- 

 hornet, bee. hornet. bee. 

 (Magnified.) (Magnified.) (Magnified.) (Magnified.) 



43. Fig. 10 shows the jaws of the Mexican hornet highly 

 magnified. Fig, 11 shows the jaw.s of the honey-bee, highly 

 magnified. Notice the difference in the shape of the two, the 

 saw-like appearance of the one, and the spatula shape of the 

 other. A glance at these figures is enough to convince any 

 intelligent horticulturist of the tiiith of Aristotle's remark- 

 made more than two thousand years ago— that "bees hurt no 

 kinds of sound fruit, but wasps and hornets are very destnic- 

 tive to them." 



We shall give further evidence concerning the correctness 

 of this statement. (871) 



4.4. Below the antennas, the clypeus or shield {cl, fig. 7) 

 projects, which is prolongated by an elastic rim called labrum 

 or upper lip (Ihr). The pharynx is the mouth (ph), and the 



