THE SKELETON. 71 



bj contiuued liarcl work, especially under tlie sad- 

 dle, or by violent actions and straining of the sinews. 

 They are not serious defects as they seldom produce 

 lameness. 



Sidehones (e) are bony tumors on both sides of the 

 lower pastern bone, ju>.t above the hoof, producing 

 lameness, and are incurable. They are easily detect- 

 ed by passing the hand carefully over the part. 

 They generally spread rapidly around the foot, form- 

 ing a complete ring, and are then called ringbones. 

 They cause serious lameness and are signs of 

 positive unsoundDess. 



Mdllenders (/) are scurfy eruptions in the bent of 

 the knees. A discharge proceeds from them which 

 must be taken care of at the start, as it is afterward 

 very difficult to stop. They seldom produce lame- 

 ness, but indicate bad stable management. 



Quarter crack (g) is a separation cf the hornwall 

 of the hoof from the coronet down to the sole and 

 occurs on the inner side of the front hoof only. It 

 is produced sometimes by violent actions on hard 

 roads, especially if the nails are driven too tight, or 

 the shoe is left too long on the hoof, in both cases 

 preventing the expansion of the hoof. A burst 

 of the wall must occur on the top of the hoof, or, 

 it may occur in hot weather when the hoof becomes 

 dry and hard and stopping the feet is neglected, 



