CONTENTS XI 11 



PAGE 



CHAPTER V. THE COPPICE SYSTEMS. . . . 170 



Simple coppice ....... 170 



Age of cutting 172 



Season of cutting ...... 173 



Care in cutting ...... 173 



The cutting 174 



Maintenance of density .... 174 



Arrangement of cutting .... 175 



Holding over reserves . . . . .177 



Pole-wood coppice ...... 178 



Use in the hardwood region of the East . . 179 



The reproduction cuttings .... 181 



The second cutting 184 



Coppice with standards ..... 184 



CHAPTER VI. IMPROVEMENT OF THE FOREST . . 189 



Improvement cuttings ...... 189 



Cleanings 190 



Liberation cuttings ...... 194 



Thinnings ........ 196 



Need of thinnings 198 



Results of thinnings ..... 200 



Theory of thinnings ..... 201 



Principles governing the severity of thinnings . 202 



Time of first thinning ..... 204 



Repetition of thinnings . .... 208 



Application in Europe ... . 208 



The PVench method . . . . . 210 



Practical application cf thinnings in this 



country ....... 212 



Accretion cuttings ...... 216 



Improvement work in irregular stands . . . 219 



