32 THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS 



of regular form on the same area, one growing under- 

 neath the other. 



5. The Reserve Form. In a regular stand there are 

 scattered older trees remaining over a second rotation. 



B. COPPICE FORMS. 



1. Regular Coppice Form. The sprouts are approxi- 

 mately of the same age. 



2. Irregular Coppice Form. As a result of bad treat- 

 ment, various ages are irregularly represented. 



C. COMPOSITE FORMS. 



1. Regular Composite Form. Sprouts and seedling 

 trees of approximately the same age are growing together. 



2. Irregular Composite Form. Through abuse, an 

 irregular mixture of ages occurs, with both sprouts and 

 seedling trees represented. 



3. Coppice with Standards. Upon a given area there 

 is a regular coppice stand, and also scattered trees, origi- 

 nating from the seed, which are allowed to grow over 

 several sprout rotations. 



The Silvicultural Systems 



A silvicultural system is a broad plan of management 

 under which a forest is reproduced and developed. 

 In order to handle forests with a view to continued 

 production of timber, ordinary lumbering must be modi- 

 fied or supplemented by special measures. To justify 

 such investments as these measures involve the forester 



