QUERCUS 327 



raised by Turner, which has shorter, broader leaves, the teeth of which are 

 smaller and terminate in a minute, abrupt (mucronate) tip. This hybrid 

 produces fertile seed, and as nearly always happens with hybrids, the seedlings 

 vary in their affinity to one or other of the parents. Several forms of Turner's 

 oak have been named, such as "austriaca," and "austriaca splendens." The 

 form with long narrow leaves described above has been called Q. PSEUDO- 

 TURNERI. A seedling raised from it at Kew produces both the short broad (or 

 typical Turneri) leaves and the longer narrower ones. It seems unnecessary 

 therefore to multiply names 



O. VARIABILIS, Blume. 

 (Q. Bungeana, Forbes ; Q. chinensis, Bunge^) 



A deciduous tree up to 80 ft. high, with a thick, corky bark ; young shoots 

 slightly hairy. Leaves oblong or narrowly oval, 3 to 7 ins. long, I to 2 ins. 

 wide ; broadly tapered or somewhat rounded at the base, pointed, the margins 

 set with bristle-like teeth ^ in. long, which terminate the nine to sixteen pairs 

 of parallel veins ; upper surface dark dullish green, smooth ; lower one pale 

 grey ar>d covered with a minute close felt. 



Native of China, Japan, and Corea ; introduced by Fortune in 1861, and in 

 1882 by the late Dr Bretschneider ; in both instances from the neighbourhood 

 of Pekin, where it is a common tree. Although a finer tree than its near ally, 

 Q. serrata, its foliage is not so bright. It differs from that species most 

 noticeably in the whitish under-surface and smaller teeth of the leaves. The 

 acorn also is smaller and almost hidden in the cup, which has long curly 

 scales. The bark has some economic value as a source of cork. On young 

 trees it is blackish at first, but is not long before it shows its corky nature. 



O. VELUTINA, Lamarck. BLACK OAK. 



(Q. tinctoria, Michaux.') 



A deciduous tree, 70, 80, or more ft. high ; young shoots at first covered 

 with brownish starry down ; buds very downy. Leaves oval or obovate, 

 5 to 12 ins. long, half to two-thirds as wide ; more or less deeply five- or seven- 

 lobed ; the lobes ovate or triangular, toothed or nearly entire ; upper surface 

 dark green and shining, smooth or becoming so, lower surface paler, covered 

 with a thin, scattered down, and with tufts of down in the vein-axils ; stalk 

 i to 2| ins. long. Acorns usually solitary, scarcely stalked, | to f in. long, 

 half enclosed in the cup. 



Native of the eastern and central United States ; introduced in 1800. 

 The finest form of this oak in cultivation (and one of the most remarkable of 

 all oaks) is known as "Champion's Oak "or var. RUBltlFOLlA, the leaves of 

 which on young trees are often 12 to 15 ins. long, somewhat hooded, and 

 hang laxly on the tree. The bark and acorns of this species are permeated by 

 a yellow principle, and from the former a yellow dye, " quercitron," is obtained. 

 Among the oaks of its group (rubra, coccinea, etc.) this species is distinguished 

 by its yellow inner bark, the large downy buds, and the stellate down on 

 young leaf and shoot. 



Q. VlBRAYEANA, Franchet. 



(Q. bambusaefolia, Fortune ; Q. acuta var. bambussefolia, Masters?) 



An evergreen tree, said to be 30 to 50 ft. high in nature, but usually a bush 

 in cultivation ; young shoots smooth, slender, warted the second year. 



