616 ULMUS 



U. MINOR, Miller. EAST-ANGLIAN or LOCK ELM. 



(U. glabra var. minor, Ley ; U. Plotii, Druce.") 



A tree up to 80 or 90 ft. high, with a few erect-growing main branches 

 and pendulous branchlets, the .latter slender, minutely and sparsely downy 

 when young. Leaves obovate to oval, up to 2\ ins. long, and \\ ins. wide; 

 unequal sided and often heart-shaped at the base; upper surface rough, dull 

 green, lower one at first densely clothed with down, which later falls away 

 except in the vein-axils; margin doubly toothed, veins in eight to ten pairs; 

 leaf-stalk downy, \ in. long. Fruit narrowly obovate, \ in. long, notched at 

 the tip, bearing the seed in the upper part. 



Native of Eastern and Middle England, also of Hampshire, possibly 

 also of the Continent. It is a tree of very elegant and characteristic 

 appearance, allied closely, no doubt, to U. nitens, and producing suckers 

 like that elm, but differing in its smaller, duller leaves, much more downy 

 at first beneath, with fewer veins and shorter stalk. The popular name, 

 " Lock elm," by which it is known in the eastern counties, refers to the 

 toughness of the timber, which renders it difficult to work with saw or plane. 



U. MONTANA, Withering. WYCH or SCOTCH ELM. 



(a. glabra, Hudson; U. scabra, Miller ^ 



A tree from ico to 125 ft. high, with a trunk sometimes 6 ft. in diameter; 

 .head of branches wide-spreading, rather open; young shoots stout, downy; 

 bud scales hairy. Leaves usually 3 to 7 ins. long (sometimes more on young 

 trees) i^ to 4 ins. wide; oval to obovate, slender-pointed, sometimes three- 

 lobed towards the top, very unequal-sided at the base; coarsely and doubly 

 toothed, upper surface dull green, very rough; lower one downy; stalk very 

 short, never more than J in. long, often quite hidden by the rounded basal 

 half of the blade, downy ; veins in fourteen to twenty pairs. Flowers in 

 dense, stalkless clusters. Fruit oval, f to I irj. long, downy only at the 

 slightly notched apex, the seed situated in the middle. 



Native of N. Europe, including Britain. It is rare in the south and east 

 of England, but common in Scotland and Ireland, where it is one of the 

 noblest of native trees. In the open it forms a stout, shortish trunk of great 

 thickness, and a head of branches often pendulous at the ends. It is apt 

 to be confused in gardens with some of the hybrids (major, vegeta, etc.) 

 that have originated between it and U. nitens, but may always be 

 distinguished among those and other British elms by the seed being in the 

 middle of the fruit, the very short leaf-stalks, very rough leaves, and the 

 absence of any corkiness on the two-year-old shoots. Moreover, the tree 

 does not produce suckers as nitens and campestris do, and on that account 

 is valued as a stock for other elms. Several very distinct varieties of wych 

 elm are in cultivation, but no doubt some commonly referred to this species 

 are hybrids. 



Var. CAMPERDOWNI. A pendulous branched tree, the branches forming 

 a globose head. Originally found at Camperdown House, near Dundee. 



Var. CRISPA, London (U. asplenifolia and U. urticasfolia of gardens). 

 Leaves narrowly oblong-oval, \\ to 3^ ins. long, f to i^ ins. wide; rather 

 infolded, the margins very jaggedly and deeply cut into slender, often double, 

 teeth. A curious, slow-growing form. 



Var. DAUVESSEI (U. Dauvessei, Henry} has shorter more rounded 

 leaves of thinner texture; perhaps a hybrid. 



Var. FASTIGIAT'A, London. Exeter Elm. Branches and branchlets erect, 



