TYPES AND MARKET CLASSES OF LIVE STOCK 



29 



The neck should be short, thick, and muscular. The throat 

 should be neat and trim, while at the shoulders the neck should 

 show depth and fullness. The line where the neck and shoulder 

 join is called the "shoulder vein," and we like this part to be 

 filled out plump and full. A long neck lacking in thickness is 

 frequently found, and it is undesirable chiefly because it is 

 associated with a rangy type of body. When the animal is 

 standing in natural position, with the head up, the top line of 

 the neck should be slightly arched and the poll of the head should 

 be slightly higher than the top of the shoulders. 



The shoulders should be very smooth, blending perfectly 

 with the rest of the body. This conformation is secured when 



32. Tail-head 



33. Thighs 



Fig. 2. Points of the Steer. 



34. Hocks 



35. Tail 



36. Switch 



37. Twist 



38. Cod 



the shoulder blade lies snugly against the ribs beneath, and is 

 covered over with a uniformly thick layer of flesh. The top of 

 the shoulders should not be sharp and fine, nor yet so wide that 

 the tops of the shoulder blades are prominent and outstanding, 

 but should be moderately wide and nicely rounded over with 

 flesh. Rough, angular shoulders, unevenly covered, are among 

 the most common defects of beef cattle. When the shoulders 

 are not properly laid in, but are wide and open, the appearance 

 of the animal is injured, the fleshing over the shoulder is not 



