150 TYPES AND MARKET CLASSES OF LIVE STOCK 



colleges allow only one or two points to the escutcheon. Some 

 have omitted it from consideration altogether, and this seems 

 entirely justifiable, as the escutcheon theory may be rightly 

 regarded as a quack theory. 



The quality of dairy cows is shown in the hide, hair, ear, 

 horn, head, and bone, the same as in beef cattle. The dairy 

 cow has a thinner skin than the beef cow, and it should also 

 possess a maximum of mellowness and unctuousness or oiliness. 

 An oily hide is something of an evidence of milk rich in fat; 

 and an abundant yellowish secretion about the udder, inside 

 the thighs, around the eyes, inside the ears, at the root of the 

 tail, and below any spots of light-colored hair indicates a rich 

 butter color. Opinions differ on the question of quality in dairy 

 cattle. Some breeders aim at a very rugged type having great 

 constitution, rather large bone, and a medium thick hide. This 

 type is exemplified by many Holstein-Friesians and by the St. 

 Lambert family of Jerseys. Other breeders desire extreme 

 quality, and this may result in some delicacy of constitution. 

 Perhaps this type is best illustrated by what is known as the 

 "Island-type" of Jersey, which is the type developed in the 

 native home of the breed on the Island of Jersey, and also fos- 

 tered by many breeders of Jersey cattle in the United States. 

 The average dairyman will be wise to steer a course midway 

 between the two extremes, insisting upon constitution first and 

 then upon as much quality as may be had without delicacy. 



The temperament is of much importance. Temperament 

 is a term used to express differences in the mental and physical 

 constitutions of individuals. Temperaments are of two kinds 

 sanguine and lymphatic. The sanguine temperament is 

 characterized by a strong, frequent pulse, firm flesh, soft and 

 light hair, active movements, and sensitiveness. The lym- 

 phatic temperament is featured by a rather sluggish circulation, 

 fleshiness, thicker skin and coarser hair, slow movements, and 

 quietness. The sanguine temperament is possessed in marked 

 degree by the best dairy cattle, while beef cattle have the lym- 

 phatic temperament. The best evidence of true dairy tem- 

 perament is a lean, angular appearance in all parts of the animal. 

 A dairy bull, a young heifer, or a dry cow may show some degree 

 of fleshiness without being seriously faulted for it, but a cow in 

 milk should be free from beefiness even when well fed. This- 

 is a good indication that she is an economical milk producer. 



