154 TYPES AND MARKET CLASSES OF LIVE STOCK 



trim thighs. The hind legs should be placed rather well apart, 

 and should be straight and medium short. 



In common with the males of nearly all species of animals 

 classed as mammals, the dairy bull has miniature teats called 

 rudimentaries. These are located in front and on each side of 

 the scrotum, there being two on a side. They vary in length 

 from mere buttons to an inch or more. Some persons attach 

 much significance to the rudimentaries, believing that their 

 position and size indicate the shape and capacity of udder which 

 will be shown by the bull's daughters. It is not established 

 that the rudimentaries really have such a significance, and 

 many persons give them no attention in judging. Dairy bulls 

 also have small veins on the belly corresponding to the large 

 milk-veins of the dairy cow. 



The quality of the bull is very important; it should be easily 

 apparent in a loose, mellow hide, and a reasonable degree of 

 quality is also wanted in head and bone. Coarseness is an 

 evidence of lack of good breeding. In disposition, dairy bulls 

 are much less quiet and trustworthy than beef bulls, often being 

 ill-natured and sometimes unruly. This does not subject them 

 to criticism unless they become dangerous and difficult to handle, 

 but is accepted as an evidence of masculinity. 



The individuality of the dairy bull is certainly somewhat 

 significant of his value, but it reveals less of the animal's ability 

 to perform his function than does the cow's individuality when 

 it is studied in relation to function. The bull is only valuable as 

 a progenitor of heifer calves that will develop into heavy milkers. 

 What points, therefore, in the individuality of the bull are evi- 

 dence that he will sire high-producing cows? It may as well 

 be stated first as last that it is impossible to determine in any 

 accurate manner from the bull's individuality what his breeding 

 qualities, as they relate to milk flow, will be. There are far more 

 reliable sources from which to form such an estimate and these 

 will be discussed later. Nevertheless, it is important that the 

 dairy bull show a rugged constitution, great digestive capacity, 

 strength of conformation, and absence of beefiness, these being 

 essential points desired in his female offspring. If he is faulty 

 in any^ of these respects, we may reasonably suppose that his 

 daughters will be similarly deficient. He should be masculine 

 in order to insure potency. Having all these points of indi- 

 viduality, it is still a question as to what sort of performance 

 may be expected from his daughters. 



