182 TYPES AND MARKET CLASSES OF LIVE STOCK 



of the cows making possible a good income from choice veal 

 calves reared on skim milk and supplemental feeds. Neither 

 of these plans represents true dual-purpose management. The 

 dual-purpose cow is at her best when the plan calls for the sale 

 of milk or butter-fat and the rearing of calves to be fed and 

 marketed as fat steers and heifers, or sold into other hands for 

 feeding. All of the cows may be milked, the butter-fat sold, 

 and the skim milk fed to the calves; or half of the cows may be 

 milked and the rest allowed to raise the calves. The writer 

 knows of one successful herd of grade cows where the practice 

 is to put four calves on one cow, the other three cows being milked. 

 The development of the calves is somewhat restricted by this 

 method, for they do not make as rapid growth nor present as 

 good appearance as would be secured by more liberal feeding, 

 but in this instance the financial return has justified the plan. 



It is considerable trouble to rear calves on skim milk, but 

 it is being done with good results on many farms. The skim 

 milk should be supplemented by oats, bran, corn meal, hay, 

 and good pasture until weaning time, and the calf should be 

 wintered on grain, silage, and hay. When weaned and placed 

 on regular rations, skim-milk calves usually advance rapidly 

 and often overtake calves reared on whole milk to such an ex- 

 tent that they cannot be distinguished from the latter. 



Dual-purpose type. Descriptions of the beef and dairy 

 types having been given in detail, dual-purpose type may be 

 described in a few words by comparisons. The true dual- 

 purpose type of animal is distinguished from the beef animal 

 by certain well-marked differences in form and appearance. 

 The dual-purpose animal is not so wide as the beef animal, 

 nor so smooth, and the fleshing is not so thick. The neck is 

 longer, the withers are not so wide and rounding, the middle 

 is less blocky and compact, and the legs are longer. The udder 

 receives considerable attention and should be large, mellow, 

 and of good shape. The dual-purpose cow should bear indica- 

 tions of creditable performance at the pail. 



Compared with the dairy type, the dual-purpose animal 

 shows more squareness and fullness of forequarters, more width 

 and compactness of body, more fleshing and smoothness. The 

 spring of rib is more pronounced, the back is wider, the withers 

 are thicker, the shoulder is heavier fleshed and smoother, and 

 the thigh and twist are much more heavily fleshed. Dual- 

 purpose cows that give a generous milk flow will carry less 



