TYPES AND MARKET CLASSES OF LIVE STOCK 



483 



ment consists of complete rest for a month or more, blistering, 

 the use of proper medicaments, firing, and special operations 

 on the joint. Firing produces a small scar, and when this is 

 present the spavin is called a "jack." 



Broken wind or heaves. This condition is denoted by a 

 characteristic hollow cough, short, and something like a grunt, 

 which once heard is easily recognized a second time. Inspira- 

 tion is performed normally, but expiration is abnormal, being 

 double, or what is commonly called the "double lift." The 

 first portion of the expiration expels the air as normally, and 

 the second apparently squeezes the remainder of the air from 

 the lungs in a gradual manner, seemingly with more or less 

 voluntary exertion. When such an animal is put to work, 

 there is also a wheezing noise with the breathing. From a 

 commercial standpoint, a broken-winded horse has practically 



Fig. 165. Bone Spavin. 



A, Bone spavin; B, sound hock. 



no value, yet he may continue to work fairly well. The cough 

 is sometimes disguised by unprincipled persons through the 

 administration of such substances as shot and grease; but this 

 is only temporary. The abnormal breathing cannot be con- 

 cealed. In some cases of broken wind, the air vesicles of the 

 lungs have been found, after death, ruptured; the right side of 

 the heart enlarged, and the walls of the stomach dilated, though 

 this is not always true. A predisposition to this disease may 

 be inherited. In doubtful cases of broken* wind, give the animal 

 all the water he will drink and then ride or drive him uphill. 

 This will bring out the symptoms if the disease is present. 



There is great diversity of opinion as regards the exact 

 cause of heaves. It is usually associated with disorder of di- 

 gestion, or to an error in choice of feed. Feeding on clover 



