66 



produce both sexes, open in March. The leaves, 

 which are oval, rough, and harsh above, and 

 rather downy beneath, with toothed edges, expand 

 long after the flowers. The seeds seldom ripen 

 in this country, and this is one circumstance 

 that suggests an exotic origin. The tree throws 

 up an abundance of suckers, however, from which 

 it is easily propagated. 



The timber is dark and hard, and before being 

 used, requires well seasoning, otherwise it is much 

 given to warp. The naves of wheels are com- 

 monly made of U. cainpeslris, hence it is often 

 called the "nave elm" by ccjuntry wheelwrights 

 and woodmen. 



The Cornish elm, U. c. conuibieiisis, is a good 

 variety of the common elm that we have planted. 

 It is a lofty growing tree with small deeply veined 

 leaves. 



U. moiitana, the wych elm, is believed to be 

 indigenous to Scotland and the North of England. 

 The branches are more spreading, the leaves are 

 much larger, and it comes into foliage earlier 

 than U. campestris ; and the bark is of a lighter 

 hue. The flowers appear in large hoplike clusters 

 — hence the name of the " hop elm," which has 

 been given to it in some counties. The tree 

 throws up no suckers, but it produces seed freely. 

 In contrast with the upright growth of U. cam- 

 pestris, the wych elm forms a large spreading tree, 



