162 SUMMER FLOWERS. 



with rigid subulate scales ; fruit compressed, oblong ; 

 pappus -short, pilose, distinct. 



ft Involucral scales not hoolced. 



X Fappus single, long, plumose, the hairs uneq^ually tmited 

 at the base ; (achenes silhy). 



(159) Carlina — involucre imbricated, the outer scales spinose, 



leafy, spreading at the points, the inner linear, scarious, 

 coloured, resembling radiant florets ; receptacle with cleft 

 scales. 



XX Pappus in many rows, equal, long, the hairs united at 

 the base into a ring ; (achenes smooth) . 



(160) Carduus — involucre imbricated, with simple spinous 



pointed scales ; receptacle with fimbriated scales ; fruit 

 compressed, oblong. 



(161) Silybum — involucre imbricated, the scales leaf-like at the 



base, narrowed into a long spreading or recurved spinous 

 point ; receptacle scaly ; fruit compressed, with a papillose 

 ring at the end. 



XXX Pcippus in many rows, unequal, equalling or shorter 

 than the achenes, rarely none. 



(162) Centaurea — involucre imbricated, the scales leafy, scarious 



or spiny ; receptacle with jagged scales ; fruit attached 

 laterally above the base. 



XXXX P(^ppus in many rows, unequal, longer than the fruit. 



(163) Serratula — heads dioecious; involucre imbricated, the 



scales unarmed, acute ; receptacle with scales split into 

 linear bristles ; fruit compressed. 



*** Florets all ligulate and perfect ; style not swollen beneath 

 its branches (Cichoracese). 

 f Pappus none. 



(164) Lapsana — heads 8-12-flowered ; involucre with one row of 



